The Relationships amongst Corporate Governance Structures and Firm Performance: A Potential Research Agenda
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper reviews recent empirical studies on corporate governance to clarify the causal relationships amongst corporate governance structures and firm performance. Based on previous empirical research results, this paper suggests several important but controversial research questions in corporate governance literature. First, whether or not there are casual relationships amongst corporate governance mechanisms (especially boardroom gender diversity and ownership structures) and firm performance once the dynamic nature of these relationships is taken into consideration. Second, whether or not these casual relationships (if any) are moderated by the national governance quality of the country within which firms operate. These two research questions may suggest a potential research agenda in the corporate governance literature.
Keywords
Corporate governance structures, national governance, firm performance, endogeneity, Vietnam
References
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[32] Schultz, E.L., D.T. Tan, and K.D. Walsh, “Endogeneity and the corporate governance–performance relation”, Australian Journal of Management, 35 (2010) 2, 145-163.
[33] Wang, K. and G. Shailer, “Ownership concentration and firm performance in emerging markets: A meta-analysis”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 29 (2015) 2, 199-229.
[34] Filatotchev, I., G. Jackson, and C. Nakajima, “Corporate governance and national institutions: A review and emerging research agenda”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30 (2013) 4, 965-986.
[35] Kumar, P. and A. Zattoni, “How much do country-level or firm-level variables matter in corporate governance studies?”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21 (2013) 3, 199-200.
[36] Aslan, H. and P. Kumar, “National governance bundles and corporate agency costs: A cross-country analysis”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 22 (2014) 3, 230-251.
[37] Van Essen, M., P.J. Engelen, and M. Carney, “Does 'good' corporate governance help in a crisis? The impact of country- and firm-level governance mechanisms in the European financial crisis”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21 (2013) 3, 201-224.
[38] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “A dynamic estimation of governance structures and financial performance for Singaporean companies”, Economic Modelling, 40 (2014) C, 1-11.
[39] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “Does boardroom gender diversity matter? Evidence from a transitional economy”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 37 (2015) C, 184-202.
[40] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “Ownership concentration and corporate performance from a dynamic perspective: Does national governance quality matter?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 41 (2015) C, 148-161.
[41] Wooldridge, J.M., Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2002.
[42] Roberts, M.R. and T.M. Whited, Endogeneity in empirical corporate finance, in Handbook of the economics of finance, M.H. George M. Constantinides and M.S. Rene, Editors. Elsevier: Saint Louis, USA, 2013, p. 493-572.
[43] Wooldridge, J.M., Introductory econometrics: A modern approach, 4 ed., Mason, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009.
[44] Harris, M. and A. Raviv, “A theory of board control and size”, Review of Financial Studies, 21 (2008) 4, 1797-1832.
[45] Hermalin, B.E. and M.S. Weisbach, “Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO”, American Economic Review, 88 (1998) 1, 96-118.
[46] Raheja, C.G., “Determinants of board size and composition: A theory of corporate boards”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 40 (2005) 2, 283-306.
[47] Flannery, M.J. and K.W. Hankins, “Estimating dynamic panel models in corporate finance”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 19 (2013) C, 1-19.
[48] Arellano, M. and S. Bond, “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58 (1991) 2, 277-297.
[49] Blundell, R. and S. Bond, “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1998) 1, 115-143.
[50] Zhou, Q., R. Faff, and K. Alpert, “Bias correction in the estimation of dynamic panel models in corporate finance”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 25 (2014) C, 494-513.
[51] Chen, M.Y., “Determinants of corporate board structure in Taiwan”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 32 (2014) C, 62-78.
[52] Munisi, G. and T. Randøy, “Corporate governance and company performance across Sub-Saharan African countries”, Journal of nomics and Business, 70 (2013) C, 92-110.
References
[2] HKEC, Consultation paper: Board diversity, Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited, 2012.
[3] Carter, D.A., et al., “The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18 (2010) 5, 396-414.
[4] Adams, R. and P. Funk, “Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter?”, Management Science, 58 (2012) 2, 219-235.
[5] Fama, E.F. and M. Jensen, “Separation of ownership and control”, Journal of Law and Economics, 26 (1983) 2, 301-325.
[6] Jensen, M. and W. Meckling, “Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency cost, and ownership structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976) 5, 305-360.
[7] Goodstein, J., K. Gautam, and W. Boeker, “The effects of board size and diversity on strategic change”, Strategic Management Journal, 15 (1994) 3, 241-250.
[8] Pfeffer, J., “Size, composition, and function of hospital boards of directors: A study of organization–environment linkage”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 18 (1973) 3, 349-364.
[9] Hillman, A.J. and T. Dalziel, “Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives”, Academy of Management Review, 28 (2003) 3, 383-396.
[10] Pfeffer, J. and G.R. Salancik, The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2003.
[11] Rose, C., “Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15 (2007) 2, 404-413.
[12] Erhardt, N.L., J.D. Werbel, and C.B. Shrader, “Board of director diversity and firm financial performance”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 11 (2003) 2, 102-111.
[13] Campbell, K. and A. Mínguez-Vera, “Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance”, Journal of Business Ethics, 83 (2008) 3, 435-451.
[14] Mohan, N., “A review of the gender effect on pay, corporate performance and entry into top management”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 34 (2014) C, 41-51.
[15] Dezsö, C.L. and D.G. Ross, “Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation”, Strategic Management Journal, 33 (2012) 9, 1072-1089.
[16] Carter, D.A., B.J. Simkins, and W.G. Simpson, “Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value”, Financial Review, 38 (2003) 1, 33-53.
[17] Ahern, K.R. and A. Dittmar, “The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127 (2012) 1, 137-197.
[18] Farrell, K.A. and P.L. Hersch, “Additions to corporate boards: The effect of gender”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 11 (2005) 1&2, 85-106.
[19] Terjesen, S., R. Sealy, and V. Singh, “Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17 (2009) 3, 320-337.
[20] Demsetz, H., “The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm”, Journal of Law and Economics, 26 (1983) 2, 375-90.
[21] Demsetz, H. and B. Villalonga, “Ownership structure and corporate performance”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 7 (2001) 3, 209-233.
[22] Lemmon, M.L. and K.V. Lins, “Ownership structure, corporate governance, and firm value: Evidence from the East Asian financial crisis”. The Journal of Finance 58 (2003) 4, 1445-1468.
[23] Himmelberg, C.P., R.G. Hubbard, and D. Palia, “Understanding the determinants of managerial ownership and the link between ownership and performance”, Journal of Financial Economics, 53 (1999) 3, 353-384.
[24] Yabei, H. and S. Izumida, “Ownership concentration and corporate performance: A causal analysis with Japanese panel data”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16 (2008) 4, 342-358.
[25] Thomsen, S. and T. Pedersen, “Ownership structure and economic performance in the largest European companies”, Strategic Management Journal, 21 (2000) 6, 689-705.
[26] Gedajlovic, E. and D.M. Shapiro, “Ownership structure and firm profitability in Japan”, Academy of Management Journal, 45 (2002) 3, 565-575.
[27] Wintoki, M.B., J.S. Linck, and J.M. Netter, “Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance”, Journal of Financial Economics, 105 (2012) 3, 581-606.
[28] Xu, X. and Y. Wang, “Ownership structure and corporate governance in Chinese stock companies”, China Economic Review, 10 (1999) 1, 75-98.
[29] Hu, H., O. Tam, and M. Tan, “Internal governance mechanisms and firm performance in China”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27 (2010) 4, 727-749.
[30] Haniffa, R. and M. Hudaib, “Corporate governance structure and performance of Malaysian listed companies”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 33 (2006) 7&8, 1034-1062.
[31] Pham, P.K., J.A. Suchard, and J. Zein, “Corporate governance and alternative performance measures: Evidence from Australian firms”, Australian Journal of Management, 36 (2011) 3, 371-386.
[32] Schultz, E.L., D.T. Tan, and K.D. Walsh, “Endogeneity and the corporate governance–performance relation”, Australian Journal of Management, 35 (2010) 2, 145-163.
[33] Wang, K. and G. Shailer, “Ownership concentration and firm performance in emerging markets: A meta-analysis”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 29 (2015) 2, 199-229.
[34] Filatotchev, I., G. Jackson, and C. Nakajima, “Corporate governance and national institutions: A review and emerging research agenda”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30 (2013) 4, 965-986.
[35] Kumar, P. and A. Zattoni, “How much do country-level or firm-level variables matter in corporate governance studies?”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21 (2013) 3, 199-200.
[36] Aslan, H. and P. Kumar, “National governance bundles and corporate agency costs: A cross-country analysis”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 22 (2014) 3, 230-251.
[37] Van Essen, M., P.J. Engelen, and M. Carney, “Does 'good' corporate governance help in a crisis? The impact of country- and firm-level governance mechanisms in the European financial crisis”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21 (2013) 3, 201-224.
[38] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “A dynamic estimation of governance structures and financial performance for Singaporean companies”, Economic Modelling, 40 (2014) C, 1-11.
[39] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “Does boardroom gender diversity matter? Evidence from a transitional economy”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 37 (2015) C, 184-202.
[40] Nguyen, T., S. Locke, and K. Reddy, “Ownership concentration and corporate performance from a dynamic perspective: Does national governance quality matter?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 41 (2015) C, 148-161.
[41] Wooldridge, J.M., Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2002.
[42] Roberts, M.R. and T.M. Whited, Endogeneity in empirical corporate finance, in Handbook of the economics of finance, M.H. George M. Constantinides and M.S. Rene, Editors. Elsevier: Saint Louis, USA, 2013, p. 493-572.
[43] Wooldridge, J.M., Introductory econometrics: A modern approach, 4 ed., Mason, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009.
[44] Harris, M. and A. Raviv, “A theory of board control and size”, Review of Financial Studies, 21 (2008) 4, 1797-1832.
[45] Hermalin, B.E. and M.S. Weisbach, “Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO”, American Economic Review, 88 (1998) 1, 96-118.
[46] Raheja, C.G., “Determinants of board size and composition: A theory of corporate boards”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 40 (2005) 2, 283-306.
[47] Flannery, M.J. and K.W. Hankins, “Estimating dynamic panel models in corporate finance”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 19 (2013) C, 1-19.
[48] Arellano, M. and S. Bond, “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58 (1991) 2, 277-297.
[49] Blundell, R. and S. Bond, “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1998) 1, 115-143.
[50] Zhou, Q., R. Faff, and K. Alpert, “Bias correction in the estimation of dynamic panel models in corporate finance”, Journal of Corporate Finance, 25 (2014) C, 494-513.
[51] Chen, M.Y., “Determinants of corporate board structure in Taiwan”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 32 (2014) C, 62-78.
[52] Munisi, G. and T. Randøy, “Corporate governance and company performance across Sub-Saharan African countries”, Journal of nomics and Business, 70 (2013) C, 92-110.