How Do Intermediary Organizations Support SMEs to Enhance their Absorptive Capacity?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Researchers have discussed intermediary organizations as the crucial facilitators of technology transfer in an innovation system. They employed the intermediary term in different settings in the innovation system literature. In past decades, scholars highlighted the importance of intermediaries repeatedly. However, few studies examine intermediaries’ role in the innovation system. In this paper, we underline the significant role of intermediaries in boosting absorptive capacity in small and medium-sized enterprises by introducing a framework that expresses intermediaries' functions and their services in absorptive capacity as an essential element of successful knowledge and technology transfer.
Keywords:
Innovation System, Intermediary Organizations, Intermediary Services, Absorptive Capacity.
References
[1] C. Freeman, “Technological infrastructure and international competitiveness”, Draft paper submitted to the OECD Ad hoc-group on Science, technology and competitiveness, mimeo,
August 1982.
[2] Lundvall, Bengt-Ake, Product innovation and user-producer interaction. The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope 19 (1985) 19-60.
[3] Carlsson, Benny, R. Stankiewicz, On the nature, function and composition of technological systems, Journal of evolutionary economics 1(2) (1991) 93-118.
[4] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, S. Borrás, The globalising learning economy Implications for innovation policy, 1998.
[5] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, Björn Johnson,
E.S. Andersen, B. Dalum, National systems of production, innovation and competence building, Research policy 31(2) (2002) 213-231.
[6] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed, National systems of innovation Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Vol. 2. Anthem press, 2010.
[7] Ortega-Argilés, Raquel, Marco Vivarelli, and Peter Voigt, R&D in SMEs a paradox?. Small business economics 33(1) (2009) 3-11.
[8] Moilanen, Mikko, Stein Østbye, and Kristin Woll. Non-R&D SMEs external knowledge, absorptive capacity and product innovation, Small Business Economics 43(2) (2014) 447-462.
[9] Lundvall, Bengt‐Åke, National innovation systems-analytical concept and development tool. Industry and innovation 14(1) (2007) 95-119.
[10] Freeman, Christopher. Technology, policy, and economic performance lessons from Japan. Pinter Pub Ltd, 1987.
[11] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, and Christopher Freeman. Small countries facing the technological revolution, Pinter Publishers, 1988.
[12] Cooke, Ian Ian Ernest, and Paul Mayes. Introduction to innovation and technology transfer, Artech house, 1996.
[13] Breschi, Stefano, Franco Malerba, Sectoral innovation systems technological regimes, Schumpeterian dynamics, and spatial boundaries. Systems of innovation Technologies, institutions and organizations (1997) 130-156.
[14] Ranga, Marina, H. Etzkowitz, Triple Helix systems an analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the Knowledge Society. Industry and higher education 27(4) (2013) 237-262.
[15] Leydesdorff, Loet, The triple helix, quadruple helix,…, and an N-tuple of helices explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy?, Journal of the Knowledge Economy 3(1) (2012) 25-35.
[16] Carayannis, G. Elias, F.J.D. Campbell, “Mode 3'and'Quadruple Helix” toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International journal of technology management 46(3-4) (2009) 201-234.
[17] Ivanova, Inga, Quadruple helix systems and symmetry a step towards helix innovation system classification. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 5(2) (2014) 357-369.
[18] Ayala, A. Hurtado, C.H. González-Campo, Measurement of knowledge absorptive capacity An estimated indicator for the manufacturing and service sector in Colombia. Journal of Globalization, Competitiveness & Governability/Revista de Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad/Revista de Globalização, Competitividade e Governabilidade 9(2) (2015) 16-42.
[19] Wernerfelt, Birger, A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic management journal 5(2) (1984) 171-180.
[20] Barney, Jay. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management 17(1) (1991) 99-120.
[21] Grant, M. Robert, The resource-based theory of competitive advantage implications for strategy formulation, California management review 33(3) (1991) 114-135.
[22] Peteraf, A. Margaret, The cornerstones of competitive advantage a resource‐based view, Strategic management journal 14(3) (1993) 179-191.
[23] Spithoven, André, W. Vanhaverbeke, N. Roijakkers, Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises, Small business economics 41(3) (2013) 537-562.
[24] del Carmen Haro-Domínguez, Ma, Daniel Arias-Aranda, Francisco Javier Lloréns-Montes, and Antonia Ruíz Moreno. The impact of absorptive capacity on technological acquisitions engineering consulting companies. Technovation 27(8) (2007) 417-425.
[25] McAdam, Rodney, M. McAdam, V. Brown, Proof of concept processes in UK university technology transfer an absorptive capacity perspective, R&d Management 39(2) (2009) 192-210.
[26] Liao, Jianwen, H. Welsch, M. Stoica, Organizational absorptive capacity and responsiveness An empirical investigation of growth-oriented SMEs, Entrepreneurship Theory and practice 28(1) (2003) 63-86.
[27] Muscio, Alessandro, The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs' collaboration. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16(8) (2007) 653-668.
[28] Gao, Shijia, William Yeoh, S.F. Wong, R. Scheepers, A literature analysis of the use of absorptive capacity construct in IS research, International Journal of Information Management 37(2) (2017) 36-42.
[29] Cohen, M. Wesley, A. Daniel, Levinthal. Innovation and learning the two faces of R & D, The economic Journal 99(397) (1989) 569-596.
[30] Cohen, M. Wesley, A. Daniel, Levinthal, Absorptive capacity A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative science quarterly (1990) 128-152.
[31] Dinar, Zeineb, Transboundary pollution, R&D spillovers, absorptive capacity and international trade, No. 2013-23, Economics Discussion Papers, 2013.
[32] Xiong, Guiyang, S. Bharadwaj, Social capital of young technology firms and their IPO values The complementary role of relevant absorptive capacity, Journal of Marketing 75(6) (2011) 87-104.
[33] Schildt, Henri, Thomas Keil, M. Maula, The temporal effects of relative and firm‐level absorptive capacity on interorganizational learning, Strategic management journal 33(10) (2012) 1154-1173.
[34] Mowery, C. David, E. Joanne, Oxley, Inward technology transfer and competitiveness the role of national innovation systems, Cambridge journal of economics 19(1) (1995) 67-93.
[35] L. Han, S. Zeng, H. Liu, C. Li, How do intermediaries drive corporate innovation? A moderated mediating examination, Journal of Business Research 69(11) (2016) 4831-4836.
[36] Park, Taekyung, J. Rhee, Antecedents of knowledge competency and performance in born globals, Management Decision, 2012.
[37] Martins, J.D. Moleiro, Operating factors that help to improve performance in subsidiaries with low absorptive capacity, Journal of East-West Business 20(3) (2014) 162-183.
[38] Zahra, A. Shaker, G. George, Absorptive capacity A review, reconceptualization, and extension, Academy of management review 27(2) (2002) 185-203.
[39] Guan, J. Cheng, C.K. Mok, C.M. Richard, K.S. Yam, Chin, K.F. Pun, Technology transfer and innovation performance Evidence from Chinese firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 73(6) (2006) 666-678.
[40] Srivastava, K. Manish, R. Devi, Gnyawali,
E. Donald, Hatfield, Behavioral implications of absorptive capacity: The role of technological effort and technological capability in leveraging alliance network technological resources, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 92 (2015) 346-358.
[41] Griffith, Rachel, S. Redding, J.V. Reenen, Mapping the two faces of R&D Productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries, Review of economics and statistics 86(4) (2004) 883-895.
[42] Girma, Sourafel, Technology transfer from acquisition FDI and the absorptive capacity of domestic firms An empirical investigation, Open economies review 16(2) (2005) 175-187.
[43] Zhang, Jing, C.B. Fuller, A. Mangematin, Technological knowledge base, R&D organization structure and alliance formation Evidence from the biopharmaceutical industry, Research policy 36(4) (2007) 515-528.
[44] Dong, Q. John, C.H. Yang, Information technology and organizational learning in knowledge alliances and networks Evidence from US pharmaceutical industry, Information & Management 52(1) (2015) 111-122.
[45] Min, J. Woong, S. Nicholas, Vonortas, Y.J. Kim, Commercialization of transferred public technologies, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 138 (2019) 10-20.
[46] Min, J. Woong, Y.J. Kim, N.S. Vonortas, Public technology transfer, commercialization and business growth, European Economic Review, 2020, pp. 103407.
[47] Shleifer, Andrei, W. Robert, Vishny, Equilibrium short horizons of investors and firms, The American Economic Review 80(2) (1990) 148-153.
[48] Zou, Tengjian, G. Ertug, G. George, The capacity to innovate A meta-analysis of absorptive capacity, Innovation 20(2) (2018) 87-121.
[49] Minbaeva, B. Dana, S. Michailova, Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations, Employee relations, 2004.
[50] V.D. Bosch, A.J. Frans, W. Henk, Volberda, M.D. Boer, Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment Organizational forms and combinative capabilities, Organization science 10(5) (1999) 551-568.
[51] Howells, Jeremy, Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation. Research policy 35(5) (2006) 715-728.
[52] S.J. Mantel, G. Rosegger, The role of third-parties in the diffusion of innovations a survey, Innovation Adaptation and growth, 1987, pp. 123-134.
[53] Aldrich, E. Howard, Mary Ann Von Glinow, Business start-ups the HRM imperative, International Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Research, North-Holland, New York, 1992,
pp. 233-253.
[54] Howells, Jeremy. Research and technology outsourcing and innovation systems an exploratory analysis. Industry and Innovation 6(1) (1999) 111-129.
[55] McEvily, Bill, A. Zaheer, Bridging ties A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities, Strategic management journal 20(12) (1999) 1133-1156.
[56] Watkins, Andrew, Theo Papaioannou, Julius Mugwagwa, and Dinar Kale. National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries A critical review of the literature. Research Policy 44(8) (2015) 1407-1418.
[57] Borrás, Susana. System of innovation theory and the European Union. Science and Public policy 31, no. 6 (2004) 425-433.
[58] Hägerstrand, Torsten, The Propagation of innovation waves (Lund studies in geography Series B, Human geography, 4), Lund Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography, 1952.
[59] E.M. Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, Simon and Schuster, 2010.
[60] N.K. Crawford, Transferring Technology from Universities to Small Firms. Industrial Management & Data Systems 84(7/8) 5-9.
[61] Bessant, John, H. Rush, Building bridges for innovation the role of consultants in technology transfer, Research policy 24(1) (1995) 97-114.
[62] Benassi, Mario, A.D. Minin, Playing in between patent brokers in markets for technology, R&d Management 39(1) (2009) 68-86.
[63] Shohet, Simon, Martha Prevezer, UK biotechnology institutional linkages, technology transfer and the role of intermediaries, R&D Management 26(3) (1996) 283-298.
[64] Muller, Emmanuel, Andrea Zenker, Business services as actors of knowledge transformation the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems. Research policy 30(9) (2001) 1501-1516.
[65] Pawlowski, D. Suzanne, D. Robey, Bridging user organizations Knowledge brokering and the work of information technology professionals, MIS quarterly, 2004, pp. 645-672.
[66] A. Maryam, D.E. Leidner, Knowledge management and knowledge management systems Conceptual foundations and research issues, MIS quarterly (2001)107-136.
[67] Szulanski, Gabriel, Exploring internal stickiness Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic management journal 17(S2) (1996) 27-43.
[68] Preissler, Steffen, Interorganisationaler Wissens-und Technologietransfer Eine transaktion sökono mische Analyse zwischen Markt und Hierarchie. Springer-Verlag, 2016.
[69] T. Turpin, S. Garrett‐Jone, N. Rankin, Bricoleurs and boundary riders: managing basic research and innovation knowledge networks, R&D Management Jul. 26(3) (1996) 267-82.
[70] A.B. Hargadon, Firms as knowledge brokers: Lessons in pursuing continuous innovation. California management review. 1998 April 40(3):209-27.
[71] CC. Millar, C.J. Choi, Advertising and knowledge intermediaries: Managing the ethical challenges of intangibles, Journal of Business Ethics, December 148(3) (2003) 267-77.
[72] D. Watkins, G. Horley, Transferring technology from large to small firms: the role of intermediaries. Small business research, 1986 35(5) 715-28.
[73] R. Stankiewicz, The role of the science and technology infrastructure in the development and diffusion of industrial automation in Sweden. InTechnological systems and economic performance: The case of factory automation Springer, Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 165-210.
[74] M.G. Colombo, C. Dell'Era, F. Frattini, Contribution of innovation intermediaries to NPD process. R&D Management 45 (2015) 126-46.
August 1982.
[2] Lundvall, Bengt-Ake, Product innovation and user-producer interaction. The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope 19 (1985) 19-60.
[3] Carlsson, Benny, R. Stankiewicz, On the nature, function and composition of technological systems, Journal of evolutionary economics 1(2) (1991) 93-118.
[4] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, S. Borrás, The globalising learning economy Implications for innovation policy, 1998.
[5] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, Björn Johnson,
E.S. Andersen, B. Dalum, National systems of production, innovation and competence building, Research policy 31(2) (2002) 213-231.
[6] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed, National systems of innovation Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Vol. 2. Anthem press, 2010.
[7] Ortega-Argilés, Raquel, Marco Vivarelli, and Peter Voigt, R&D in SMEs a paradox?. Small business economics 33(1) (2009) 3-11.
[8] Moilanen, Mikko, Stein Østbye, and Kristin Woll. Non-R&D SMEs external knowledge, absorptive capacity and product innovation, Small Business Economics 43(2) (2014) 447-462.
[9] Lundvall, Bengt‐Åke, National innovation systems-analytical concept and development tool. Industry and innovation 14(1) (2007) 95-119.
[10] Freeman, Christopher. Technology, policy, and economic performance lessons from Japan. Pinter Pub Ltd, 1987.
[11] Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, and Christopher Freeman. Small countries facing the technological revolution, Pinter Publishers, 1988.
[12] Cooke, Ian Ian Ernest, and Paul Mayes. Introduction to innovation and technology transfer, Artech house, 1996.
[13] Breschi, Stefano, Franco Malerba, Sectoral innovation systems technological regimes, Schumpeterian dynamics, and spatial boundaries. Systems of innovation Technologies, institutions and organizations (1997) 130-156.
[14] Ranga, Marina, H. Etzkowitz, Triple Helix systems an analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the Knowledge Society. Industry and higher education 27(4) (2013) 237-262.
[15] Leydesdorff, Loet, The triple helix, quadruple helix,…, and an N-tuple of helices explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy?, Journal of the Knowledge Economy 3(1) (2012) 25-35.
[16] Carayannis, G. Elias, F.J.D. Campbell, “Mode 3'and'Quadruple Helix” toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International journal of technology management 46(3-4) (2009) 201-234.
[17] Ivanova, Inga, Quadruple helix systems and symmetry a step towards helix innovation system classification. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 5(2) (2014) 357-369.
[18] Ayala, A. Hurtado, C.H. González-Campo, Measurement of knowledge absorptive capacity An estimated indicator for the manufacturing and service sector in Colombia. Journal of Globalization, Competitiveness & Governability/Revista de Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad/Revista de Globalização, Competitividade e Governabilidade 9(2) (2015) 16-42.
[19] Wernerfelt, Birger, A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic management journal 5(2) (1984) 171-180.
[20] Barney, Jay. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management 17(1) (1991) 99-120.
[21] Grant, M. Robert, The resource-based theory of competitive advantage implications for strategy formulation, California management review 33(3) (1991) 114-135.
[22] Peteraf, A. Margaret, The cornerstones of competitive advantage a resource‐based view, Strategic management journal 14(3) (1993) 179-191.
[23] Spithoven, André, W. Vanhaverbeke, N. Roijakkers, Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises, Small business economics 41(3) (2013) 537-562.
[24] del Carmen Haro-Domínguez, Ma, Daniel Arias-Aranda, Francisco Javier Lloréns-Montes, and Antonia Ruíz Moreno. The impact of absorptive capacity on technological acquisitions engineering consulting companies. Technovation 27(8) (2007) 417-425.
[25] McAdam, Rodney, M. McAdam, V. Brown, Proof of concept processes in UK university technology transfer an absorptive capacity perspective, R&d Management 39(2) (2009) 192-210.
[26] Liao, Jianwen, H. Welsch, M. Stoica, Organizational absorptive capacity and responsiveness An empirical investigation of growth-oriented SMEs, Entrepreneurship Theory and practice 28(1) (2003) 63-86.
[27] Muscio, Alessandro, The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs' collaboration. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16(8) (2007) 653-668.
[28] Gao, Shijia, William Yeoh, S.F. Wong, R. Scheepers, A literature analysis of the use of absorptive capacity construct in IS research, International Journal of Information Management 37(2) (2017) 36-42.
[29] Cohen, M. Wesley, A. Daniel, Levinthal. Innovation and learning the two faces of R & D, The economic Journal 99(397) (1989) 569-596.
[30] Cohen, M. Wesley, A. Daniel, Levinthal, Absorptive capacity A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative science quarterly (1990) 128-152.
[31] Dinar, Zeineb, Transboundary pollution, R&D spillovers, absorptive capacity and international trade, No. 2013-23, Economics Discussion Papers, 2013.
[32] Xiong, Guiyang, S. Bharadwaj, Social capital of young technology firms and their IPO values The complementary role of relevant absorptive capacity, Journal of Marketing 75(6) (2011) 87-104.
[33] Schildt, Henri, Thomas Keil, M. Maula, The temporal effects of relative and firm‐level absorptive capacity on interorganizational learning, Strategic management journal 33(10) (2012) 1154-1173.
[34] Mowery, C. David, E. Joanne, Oxley, Inward technology transfer and competitiveness the role of national innovation systems, Cambridge journal of economics 19(1) (1995) 67-93.
[35] L. Han, S. Zeng, H. Liu, C. Li, How do intermediaries drive corporate innovation? A moderated mediating examination, Journal of Business Research 69(11) (2016) 4831-4836.
[36] Park, Taekyung, J. Rhee, Antecedents of knowledge competency and performance in born globals, Management Decision, 2012.
[37] Martins, J.D. Moleiro, Operating factors that help to improve performance in subsidiaries with low absorptive capacity, Journal of East-West Business 20(3) (2014) 162-183.
[38] Zahra, A. Shaker, G. George, Absorptive capacity A review, reconceptualization, and extension, Academy of management review 27(2) (2002) 185-203.
[39] Guan, J. Cheng, C.K. Mok, C.M. Richard, K.S. Yam, Chin, K.F. Pun, Technology transfer and innovation performance Evidence from Chinese firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 73(6) (2006) 666-678.
[40] Srivastava, K. Manish, R. Devi, Gnyawali,
E. Donald, Hatfield, Behavioral implications of absorptive capacity: The role of technological effort and technological capability in leveraging alliance network technological resources, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 92 (2015) 346-358.
[41] Griffith, Rachel, S. Redding, J.V. Reenen, Mapping the two faces of R&D Productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries, Review of economics and statistics 86(4) (2004) 883-895.
[42] Girma, Sourafel, Technology transfer from acquisition FDI and the absorptive capacity of domestic firms An empirical investigation, Open economies review 16(2) (2005) 175-187.
[43] Zhang, Jing, C.B. Fuller, A. Mangematin, Technological knowledge base, R&D organization structure and alliance formation Evidence from the biopharmaceutical industry, Research policy 36(4) (2007) 515-528.
[44] Dong, Q. John, C.H. Yang, Information technology and organizational learning in knowledge alliances and networks Evidence from US pharmaceutical industry, Information & Management 52(1) (2015) 111-122.
[45] Min, J. Woong, S. Nicholas, Vonortas, Y.J. Kim, Commercialization of transferred public technologies, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 138 (2019) 10-20.
[46] Min, J. Woong, Y.J. Kim, N.S. Vonortas, Public technology transfer, commercialization and business growth, European Economic Review, 2020, pp. 103407.
[47] Shleifer, Andrei, W. Robert, Vishny, Equilibrium short horizons of investors and firms, The American Economic Review 80(2) (1990) 148-153.
[48] Zou, Tengjian, G. Ertug, G. George, The capacity to innovate A meta-analysis of absorptive capacity, Innovation 20(2) (2018) 87-121.
[49] Minbaeva, B. Dana, S. Michailova, Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations, Employee relations, 2004.
[50] V.D. Bosch, A.J. Frans, W. Henk, Volberda, M.D. Boer, Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment Organizational forms and combinative capabilities, Organization science 10(5) (1999) 551-568.
[51] Howells, Jeremy, Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation. Research policy 35(5) (2006) 715-728.
[52] S.J. Mantel, G. Rosegger, The role of third-parties in the diffusion of innovations a survey, Innovation Adaptation and growth, 1987, pp. 123-134.
[53] Aldrich, E. Howard, Mary Ann Von Glinow, Business start-ups the HRM imperative, International Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Research, North-Holland, New York, 1992,
pp. 233-253.
[54] Howells, Jeremy. Research and technology outsourcing and innovation systems an exploratory analysis. Industry and Innovation 6(1) (1999) 111-129.
[55] McEvily, Bill, A. Zaheer, Bridging ties A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities, Strategic management journal 20(12) (1999) 1133-1156.
[56] Watkins, Andrew, Theo Papaioannou, Julius Mugwagwa, and Dinar Kale. National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in developing countries A critical review of the literature. Research Policy 44(8) (2015) 1407-1418.
[57] Borrás, Susana. System of innovation theory and the European Union. Science and Public policy 31, no. 6 (2004) 425-433.
[58] Hägerstrand, Torsten, The Propagation of innovation waves (Lund studies in geography Series B, Human geography, 4), Lund Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography, 1952.
[59] E.M. Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, Simon and Schuster, 2010.
[60] N.K. Crawford, Transferring Technology from Universities to Small Firms. Industrial Management & Data Systems 84(7/8) 5-9.
[61] Bessant, John, H. Rush, Building bridges for innovation the role of consultants in technology transfer, Research policy 24(1) (1995) 97-114.
[62] Benassi, Mario, A.D. Minin, Playing in between patent brokers in markets for technology, R&d Management 39(1) (2009) 68-86.
[63] Shohet, Simon, Martha Prevezer, UK biotechnology institutional linkages, technology transfer and the role of intermediaries, R&D Management 26(3) (1996) 283-298.
[64] Muller, Emmanuel, Andrea Zenker, Business services as actors of knowledge transformation the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems. Research policy 30(9) (2001) 1501-1516.
[65] Pawlowski, D. Suzanne, D. Robey, Bridging user organizations Knowledge brokering and the work of information technology professionals, MIS quarterly, 2004, pp. 645-672.
[66] A. Maryam, D.E. Leidner, Knowledge management and knowledge management systems Conceptual foundations and research issues, MIS quarterly (2001)107-136.
[67] Szulanski, Gabriel, Exploring internal stickiness Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic management journal 17(S2) (1996) 27-43.
[68] Preissler, Steffen, Interorganisationaler Wissens-und Technologietransfer Eine transaktion sökono mische Analyse zwischen Markt und Hierarchie. Springer-Verlag, 2016.
[69] T. Turpin, S. Garrett‐Jone, N. Rankin, Bricoleurs and boundary riders: managing basic research and innovation knowledge networks, R&D Management Jul. 26(3) (1996) 267-82.
[70] A.B. Hargadon, Firms as knowledge brokers: Lessons in pursuing continuous innovation. California management review. 1998 April 40(3):209-27.
[71] CC. Millar, C.J. Choi, Advertising and knowledge intermediaries: Managing the ethical challenges of intangibles, Journal of Business Ethics, December 148(3) (2003) 267-77.
[72] D. Watkins, G. Horley, Transferring technology from large to small firms: the role of intermediaries. Small business research, 1986 35(5) 715-28.
[73] R. Stankiewicz, The role of the science and technology infrastructure in the development and diffusion of industrial automation in Sweden. InTechnological systems and economic performance: The case of factory automation Springer, Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 165-210.
[74] M.G. Colombo, C. Dell'Era, F. Frattini, Contribution of innovation intermediaries to NPD process. R&D Management 45 (2015) 126-46.