Place marketing as an approach to planning place growth strategies - The case of Sydney Darling Harbour
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. In the past three decades many cities and regions around the world have applied a marketing approach to place planning[Vp1] in an effort to attract development resources, now called “place marketing”. This paper offers a critical review of the evolution of place marketing, discusses reasons for the evolution and then investigates place marketing practices through the case of Sydney Darling Harbour. Although[Vp2] used in much earlier times, place marketing was mainly promotional, intuitive and random then. A more integrated and strategic implementation of place marketing has been evident in recent decades. Place marketing is considered to be both a consequence of, as well as a necessity for, increased competition between places for development resources. Darling Harbour is the starting point of a long-term and large-scale program of marketing the city of Sydney to its target markets - [Vp3] transnational corporations (TNCs) and tourists. Although the way in which it has been implemented is debatable,DarlingHarbour is one of the most favoured attributes of the place product offered bySydney to the target markets.
Keywords: Place marketing, city planning, place competition.[Vp1]Please don’t remove. It is the key word.
[Vp2]Although should be replaced with another word?
[Vp3]What is this?
References
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[2] Barboza, D. (2007), “Intel to make chips in China”, The New York Times, No. 26 March viewed 11 December 2009,
[3] Barke, M. and Harrop, K. (1994), “Selling the industrial town: Identity, image and illusion”, in J Gold (ed.), Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions, John Wiley & Son, Chichester, pp. 93-144.
[4] Considine, M. (1990), “Managerialism strikes out”, Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 49(2), pp. 166-78.
[5] Daly, M. T. (1987), “Capital cities”, in D Jeans (ed.), Australia: A Geography, Volume 2 Space and Society, Sydney University Press, Sydney, pp. 75-111.
[6] Department of Commerce NSW (2007), “State Records Authority of New South Wales-Archives Investigator, New South Wales Government", viewed 26 May 2008,
[7] Forster, C. A. (2004), Australian Cities: Continuity and Change, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.
[8] Fretter, A. D. 1993, “Place marketing: A local authorithy perspective”, in G. Kearns and C. Philo (eds), Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present, Pergamon Press, New York.
[9] Fulong, W. and Jingxing, Z. (2007), “Planning the competitive city-region: The emergence of strategic development plan in China”, Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 714-40.
[10] Gleeson, B. and Low, N. (2000), Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas, Allen and Unwin, N.S.W.
[11] Greiner, N. (1985), “Liberalism and the Changing Political Environment: Address to Conference”, in B. Gleeson and N. Low (eds), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Australian Liberal Students Federation, 14 May 1985, Sydney.
[12] Hall, C. M. (1999), “The politics of decision making and top down planning: Darling Harbour, Sydney”, in D. Tyler, M. Robertson and Y. Guerrier (eds), Tourism Management in Cities: Policy, Process and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 9-24.
[13] Hospers, G. J. (2004), “Place marketing in Europe”, Intereconomics, Vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 271-9.
[14] Kanellos, M. (2007), “Intel to produce chips in China”, CNET News, no. 25 March, viewed 9 December 2009,
[15] Kavaratzis, M. (2005), “Place branding: A review of trends and conceptual models”, Marketing Review, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 329-42.
[16] Kavaratzis M. (2007), “City marketing: The past, the present and some unresolved issues”, Geography Compass, Vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 695-712.
[17] Kotler, P., Asplund, C., Rein, I. and Haider, D. (1999), Marketing Places Europe: How to Attract Investments, Industries, Residents, and Visitors to Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations in Europe, Prentice Hall, New York.
[18] Kotler, P., Hamlin, M., Rein, I. and Haider, D. (2002), Marketing Asian Places: Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, State and Nations, John Willey & Sons (Asia), Singapore.
[19] Lodge, C. (2005), “Location branding comes of age”, Market Leader, No. 28, pp. 27-30.
[20] McGuirk, P. M. (2005), “Neoliberalist planning? Re-thinking and re-casting Sydney's metropolitan planning”, Geographical Research, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 59-70.
[21] Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (2004), Destination Branding: Creating the unique destination proposition, Elsevier.
[22] Murphy, P. and Watson, S. (1997), Surface City: Sydney at the Millennium, Pluto Press, Sydney.
[23] Ohmae, K. (1995), The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, The Free Press, New York.
[24] Philo, C. and Kearns, G. (1993), “Culture, history, capital: A critical introduction to the selling of places”, in G. Kearns and C. Philo (eds), Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present, Pergamon Press, New York.
[25] Searle, G. and Bounds, M. (1999), “State powers, state land and competition for global entertainment: The case of Sydney”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 165-72.
[26] Short, J. R. and Kim, Y. H. (1998), “Urban crises/urban representations: Selling the city in difficult times”, in T. Hall and P. Hubbard (eds), The Entrepreneurial City: Geographies of Politics, Regime, and Representation, Wiley, New York.
[27] Taylor, N. (1998), Urban Planning Theory from 1945, Sage Publications, London.
[28] Ulaga, W., Sharma, A. and Krishnan, R. (2002), “Plant location and place marketing: Understanding the process from the business customer's perspective”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 393-401.
[29] Ward, S. (1998), Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850-2000, Routledge, New York.
[30] Wirth, R. and Freestone, R. (2003), “Tourism, heritage and authenticity: State-assisted cultural commodification in suburban Sydney, Australia”, Perspectivas Urbanas, Vol. 3.
[31] Youcheng, W. and Zheng, X. (2007), “Toward a Theoretical framework of collaborative destination marketing”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 75-85.
[32] Young, C. (2005), “Place marketing for foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe”, in D. Turnock (ed.), Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Development in East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union: A Collection of Essays in Memory of Professor Francis 'Frank' Carter, Ashgate, Surrey, pp. 103-22.