The effects of industrialization on economic and employment structure changes in Vietnam during economic transition
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. This paper presents the effects of industrialization on economic and employment structure during the economic transition in Vietnam. Although Vietnam has made a significant progress in changing economic structure in which the share of agricultural contribution in GDP has dramatically decreased over the last two decades, the employment structure changed slowly. Consequently, majority of labour force is still in the agricultural sector. The economic reform has failed to shift redundant workers away from agricultural sector since most of the country’s investment has been allocated to capital-intensive industries. Therefore, policy adjustments are needed to absorb more redundant workers from agricultural sector and improve living standards for rural households.
References
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[2] Austin, G., & Sugihara, K. (2010). Labour-intensive industrialization in global history. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
[3] Belser, P. (2000). Vietnam on the road to labour-intensive growth? (Policy Research Working Paper No. 2389). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
[4] Bryceson, D. (1996). Deagrarianization and rural employment in sub-Saharan Africa: a sectoral perspective. World Development, 24(1), 97-111.
[5] Dung, P., Dau, T., Ton, L., Duong, P, Xuan, M., Hue, L., & Tuyen, T. (2004). The realities and problems for the management in Vietnam. Hanoi: The Vietnam National University Publisher.
[6] FETP. (2008). Overcome crisis and continue to push up reform (Policy Discussion Paper No.2). Ho Chi Minh City, Full Bright Economic Teaching Programme.
[7] Gillis, M., Perkins, D., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1992). Economics of development: New York: WW Norton and Company.
[8] GSO. (2008). Statistical yearbooks of 1987-2006. Hanoi, Vietnam: The statistics Publisher.
[9] GSO. (2010). Population and housing census, 1 April 2009 (Complete Report and Major Findings, General Statistical Office). Hanoi, Vietnam.
[10] Harris, J., & Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review, 126-142.
[11] Heberer, T., Kohl, A., Lai, T., & Vinh, N. (1999). Aspects of private sector development in Vietnam (Duisburg Working Paper on East Asian Studies No.24/1999). Duisburg, Germany: Institute for East Asian Studies.
[12] Huong, P., Tuan, B., & Minh, D. (2003). Employment poverty linkages and policies for pro-poor growth in Vietnam (Issues in Employment and Poverty Discussion Paper No. 9). International Labour Organization.
[13] Islam, R. (2004). The nexus of economic growth, employment and poverty reduction: An empirical analysis (Issues in Employment and Poverty Discussion Paper No.14). Geneva: Recovery and Reconstruction Department, International Labour Office.
[14] Jenkins, R. (2004). Why has employment not grown more quickly in Vietnam? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 9(2), 191-208.
[15] Jenkins, R. (2006). Globalization, FDI and employment in Vietnam. Transnational Corporations, 15(1), 115.
[16] Kawabata, N. (2001). The current Vietnamese steel industry and its challenges (NEU-JICA Discussion Paper No. 6). NEU-JICA Joint Research Project.
[17] Klump, R. (2007). Pro-poor growth in Vietnam: miracle or model?. In Besley, T & Cord, L (Eds), Delivering on the promise of pro-poor growth: Insights and lessons from country experiences (p. 119-146). New York, NY: The World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan.
[18] Lestrange, A., & Richet, X. (1998). Economic reform and behaviour of state-owned enterprises in Vietnam. MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, 8(4), 77-95.
[19] Leung, S. E. Vietnam: an economic survey. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 24(2), 83-103.
[20] Lewis, W. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 22(2), 139-191.
[21] Marx, K. (1988). Bo tu ban, tap 1 [Das capital, Vol. 1]. Moscow, Soviet Union: The Truth Publisher.
[22] McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. (2002). The central role of entrepreneurs in transition economies. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 153-170.
[23] Midmore, D., & Jansen, H. (2003). Supplying vegetables to Asian cities: is there a case for peri-urban production? Food Policy, 28(1), 13-27.
[24] Minh Duc. (2008, Feb). Cong nghiep tang truong ngoan muc [Great industrial growth]. Vietnam Economic Times. p. 13-15.
[25] Ngoc Dao. (2008, Feb). Lao dong la nguon luc quan trong [Labour is important resource]. Vietnam Economic Times. p. 21-23.
[26] Phong, L. (2007). The income, living and employment of households whose land was ceded for urbanization, construction of industrial parks, infrastructure and for public demand and national benefit purposes. Hanoi, Vietnam: National Political Publisher.
[27] Ramankutty, N., Foley, J., & Olejniczak, N. (2002). People on the land: Changes in global population and croplands during the 20th century. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 31(3), 251-257.
[28] Riedel, J., & Comer, B. (1997). Transition to market economy in Vietnam. In Woo, W., Sachs, J., & Parker, S. (Eds), Economies in transition: Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe. Massachusetts, MA: MIT Press.
[29] Ronnås, P. (1992). Employment generation through private entrepreneurship in Vietnam. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.
[30] SAARC. (2005)cremen. Employment elasticity of growth at the sectoral level. Poverty reduction in South Asia through productive employment. Retrieved from South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation website www.saarc-sec.org/data/pubs/rpp2005/pdfs/Chapter6.pdf
[31] Son, D. (2001). Industrialization from agriculture: Theories, realities and application perspective in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam: Agricultural Publishing House.
[32] Soubbotian, T. (2004). Beyond economic growth: An introduction to sustainable development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
[33] Tho, T. (2001). Van de phat trien cong bang trong thoi dai toan cau hoa [The issue of equal development in the globalization era]. Journal of Economic Studies, 248.
[34] Trinh, B., & Hung, D. (2009). Hieu qua dau tu thong qua he so ICOR [Investment efficiency by ICOR]. Journal of Economics and Forcasting, 7(4/2009).
[35] Trung, N. (2002). Vietnam’s trade liberalisation in the context of ASEAN: Vietnam’s Trade Regime (ASEAN Business Case Studies No. 21). Retrieved from Centre for ASEAN Studies at http://webh01.ua.ac.be/cas/PDF/ASEAN21.pdf
[36] Toh, M. H., & Ng, W. C. (2002). Efficiency of investments in Asian economies: has Singapore over-invested* 1. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(1), 52-71.
[37] UNDP. (2003, June). One million jobs created by new Enterprise Law in Vietnam. United Nations Development Programme, Newsroom. Retrieved from http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/choices-one-million-jobs-created-by-new-enterprise-law-in-viet-nam2003-06.en;jsessionid=axbWzt8vXD9?categoryID=349424&lang=en
[38] VHLSS. (2008). Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008 [Datasets and basic results]. General Statistic Office (GSO), Hanoi, Vietnam.
[39] Viet, V. (2008, November 6). Tinh hinh khac, giai phap khac [Different situations, different solutions]. Saigon Economic Times. Retrieved from http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/epaper/TB-KTSG/So46-2008(934)/20855/
[40] Viet, V. (2009). Vietnam's economic crisis: Policy follies and the role of state-owned conglomerates. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2009, p. 389-417.
[41] Voigtländer, N., & Voth, H. (2010). How the West invented fertility restriction. Retrieved from UCLA Anderson School of Management website http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/nico.v/Research/EMP.pdf
[42] Waddell, B. (2008). Economic immorality and social reformation in English popular preaching, 1585-1625. Cultural and Social History, 5(2), 165-182.
[43] WB. (2008). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for development (The World Bank Report 2008). Washington, DC.
[44] Huong, P., Tuan, B., & Minh, D. (2003). Employment Poverty Linkages and Policies for Pro-Poor Growth in Vietnam. Issues in Employment and Poverty Discussion Paper, 9.
Marx, K. (1988). Das Capital (Vol. 1). Moscow: The Truth Publisher, Soviet Union.