Salt Groundwater Intrusion in the Pleistocene Aquifer in the Southern Part of the Red River Delta, Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fresh groundwater was found in the Pleistocene aquifer in the southern part of the Red River Delta in 70’s of last century. It is located mainly in the south of Nam Dinh province and small part in southeast of Ninh Binh province. The fresh-saline boundary seems to migrate southward recently and downsize the area of fresh groundwater. It is necessary to find out the mechanisms of salt intrusion into the zone of freshwater in order to mitigate the negative impacts to the quality of water supply. Based on the survey data of groundwater chemistry, transient electromagnetic sounding, borehole logging, drilling, and chemical analysis of pore water squeezed from the low permeable sediment in the study region, it was determined the current spatial distribution of saline water in the Pleistocene aquifer and in marine clay layers. By combining these data with the results from previous studies, this study has determined the mechanisms of the salt intrusion into the freshwater zone. It was found that salinity in the Pleistocene aquifer is generated from two main sources (1) Vertical salt intrusion from the upper marine clay layer which is controlled by the diffusion and density flow and (2) Horizontal saltwater incursion due to the high hydraulic gradient which is controlled by the convection and dispersion which was generated by over groundwater exploitation.
Keywords:
Salt water, mechanism, intrusion, Red River Delta.
References
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[3] Custodio E (2010) Costal aquifers of Europe: an overview. Hydrogeol J 18:269-280.
[4] White I, Falkland T (2010) Management of freshwater lenses on small Pacific islands. Hydrogeol J 18:227-246.
[5] Gossel W, Sefelnasr A, Wysick P (2010) “Modelling of paleo- saltwater intrusion in the northern part of the Nubian Aquifer System, Northeast Africa”, Hydrogeol J 18:1447-1463.
[6] Steyl G, Dennis I (2010) Review of coastal-area aquifers in Africa. Hydrogeol J 18:217-225.
[7] Zhang Q, Volker RE, Lockington DA (2004), “Numerical investiga - tion of sea water intrusion at Gooburrum, Bundaberg, Queensland”, Australia, Hydrogeol J 1:674-687.
[8] Werner AD (2010) A review of sea water intrusion and its management in Australia. Hydrogeol J 18:281-285.
[9] Barlow P, Reichard EG (2010) Saltwater intrusion in coastal regions of North America. Hydrogeol J 18:247-260.
[10] Bocanegra E, Silva GCD, Custodio E, Manzona M, Montenegro S (2010) State of knowledge of coastal aquifers management in South America. Hydrogeol J 18:261-267.
[11] Nhan Quy Pham (2000), ”The fomation and potential of groundwater in Quaternary sediments in the Red River Delta”, Doctoral Desertation, Vietnam National University, 126 pg (in Vietnamese).
[12] Ha Nguyen Thi (2005). Geochemistry of groundwater in Quaternary sediments in the Red River Delta and its importance to water supply. Doctoral Desertation, Vietnam National University, 159 pg (in Vietnamese).
[13] Luu T. Tran, Flemming Larsen, Nhan Q. Pham, Anders V. Christiansen, Nghi Tran, Hung V. Vu, Long V. Tran, Hoan V. Hoang, and Klaus Hinsby, 2012,“Origin and Extent of Fresh Groundwater, Saline Paleowaters and recent Saltwater Intrusion in Red River Flood Plain Aquifers, Vietnam”, Hydrogeology Journal 20, 1295-1313.
[14] Thuy Nguyen Thanh et. al (2015), “Identification of spatio-seasonal hydrogeochemical characteristics of the unconfined groundwater in the Red River Delta, Vietnam”, Applied geochemistry 63: 10-21.
[15] Frank Wagner, Đang Tran Trung, Hoang Dai Phuc, Falk Lindenmaier (2011), “Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Nam Dinh Province”, Final Technical Report of Project - Improvement of Groundwater Protection in Vietnam, Part A.
[16] Hoang Van Hoan, Pham Quy Nhan, Flemming Larsen, Nguyen The Chuyen, 2014. Controlling factors to the distribution of salinity of porewater in Quaternary marine sediments in Nam Dinh area. Journal of Earth Sciences 36 (2) 6-2014, pp 139-148 (in Vietnamese).
[17] Nhan Quy Pham, Luu Thi Tran, Flemming Larsen, Christoph Gerber, Roland Purtschert, Canh Van Doan, 2015, “Groundwater recharge for Pleistocene aquifer in the Southwest of Red River Delta, Vietnam”, Proceeding of the International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology, and Mineral Resources of INDOCHINA, November 23-24, 2015, Thailand.
[18] Tran Nghi, Ngo QT, Do TVT, Nguyen DM, Nguyen VV (1991), “Quaternary sedimentation of the principal deltas of Vietnam”, J SE Asian Earth Sci 6:103-110.
[19] Lam Dinh Doan (2003), “The Evolution of Holocene sediments in the Red River Delta”, Doctoral Desertation, Vietnam National Library, 129 pg.
[20] Tanabe S, Saito Y, Quang LV, Hanebuth TJJ, Quang LN, Kitamura A (2006), “Holocene evolution of the Song Hong (Red River) delta system, northern Vietnam”.
[21] Mathers S, Zalasiewicz J (1999), “Holocene sedimentary architecture of the Red River Delta, Vietnam”, J Coast Res 15:314-325 ediments in the Red River Delta”, Doctoral Desertation, Vietnam National University, 126 pg (in Vietnamese).
[22] Lam Dinh Doan, Boyd WE (2003), “Holocene costal stratigraphy and the sedimentary development of the Hai Phong area of the Bac Bo plain (Red River delta), Vietnam”, Aust Geogr 34:177-194.
[23] Tanabe S, Hori K, Saito Y, Haruyama S, Le QD, Sato Y, Hiraide S (2003a), “Sedimentary facies and radiocarbon dates of the Nam Dinh-1 core from the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam”, J Asian Earth Sci 21:503-513.
[24] Tanabe S, Hori K, Saito Y, Haruyama S, Van PV, Kitamura A (2003b), “Song Hong (Red River) delta evolution related to millennium-scale Holocene sea-level changes”, Quat Sci Rev 22:2345-2361.
[25] Hori K, Tanabe S, Saito Y, Haruvama S, Nguyen V, Kitamura A (2004), “Delta initiation and Holocene sea-level change: example from the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam”, Sediment Geol 164:237-249.
[26] Funabiki S, Nguyen VQ, Viet PH, Dinh HT (2007), “Holocene delta plain development in the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam”, J Asian Earth Sci 30:518-529.
[27] Vukovic, M., Soro, A., 1992. Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Media From Grain-size Composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, 83 pp., Colorado.
[28] Hoang Van Hoan, Pham Quy Nhan, Flemming Larsen, Anders V. Christiansen, Kieu Duy Thong, Tran Vu Long, 2013. Saline groundwater mapping in estuary-coastal area, Nam Định Province by transient electromagnetic method. Journal of the Geological series A, No. 334, 3-4 / 2013, pp 56-67 (in Vietnamese).
[29] Cao Xuan Xuyen (1978), Hydrogeological map of Hanoi - Hai Phong - Nam Dinh area. Scale 1: 200,000, Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam.