Application of Ferrate as Coagulant and Oxidant Alternative for Purifying Saigon River Water
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to use ferrate as an all-in-one alternative for the removal of chlorine-consumed compositions such as organic, color, turbidity, iron, and manganese in river water for water supply purposes. Ferrate (FeO42-) was simultaneously employed as coagulant and oxidant for purification of Saigon River water in order to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products in the produced tap water. The Jartest was conducted using both ferrate for raw river water and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) for chlorinated water to determine the optimum concentration of chemicals and pH values as well as comparing the effectiveness of ferrate and traditional coagulation with pre-chlorination technology for surface water purification. Results showed that ferrate could be used to remove organic compounds with high efficiency of 86.2% at pH 5 - 6 and ferrate concentration of 16 mgFe/L. Moreover, the removal efficiency for turbidity, color, and iron were at least 90%, indicating that ferrate would be a very promising alternative for chlorine and PAC for water purification.
Keywords:
ferrate, natural organic matters removal, water purification, DBPs control.
References
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[2] R. Sadiq, M.J. Rodriguez, Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive models for their occurrence: a review, Sci. Total Environ. 321 (2004) 21-46. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.scitotenv.2003.05.001.
[3] S. Chowdhury, P. Champagne, P.J. McLellan, Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: a chronological review, Sci. Total Environ. 407 (2009) 4189-4206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scito tenv.2009.04.006.
[4] T. Bond, J. Huang, M.R. Templeton, N. Graham, Occurrence and control of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water – A review, Water Res. 45 (2011) 4341-4354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.034.
[5] S.D. Richardson, M.J. Plewa, E.D. Wagner, R. Schoeny, D.M. DeMarini, Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research, Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 636 (2007) 178-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrr ev.2007.09.001.
[6] E. Agus, N. Voutchkov, D.L. Sedlak, Disinfection by-products and their potential impact on the quality of water produced by desalination systems: a literature review, Desalination 237 (2009) 214-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.059.
[7] C.G. Graves, G.M. Matanoski, R.G. Tardiff, Weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products: a critical review, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34 (2001) 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2001.1494.
[8] A. Matilainen, M. Vepsäläinen, M. Sillanpää, Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 159 (2010) 189-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.06.007.
[9] T. Chaiket, P.C. Singer, A. Miles, M. Moran, C. Pallotta, Effectiveness of coagulation, ozonation, and biofiltration in controlling DBPs, Journal (American Water Works Association) 94 (2002) 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002. tb10251.x.
[10] A. Matilainen, M. Sillanpää, Removal of natural organic matter from drinking water by advanced oxidation processes, Chemosphere 80 (2010) 351-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2010.04.067.
[11] K. Prabhat Rai, J. Lee, S.K. Kailasa, E.E. Kwon, Y.F. Tsang, Y.S. Ok, K.-H. Kim, A critical review of ferrate(VI)-based remediation of soil and groundwater, Environ. Res. 160 (2018) 420-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.016.
[12] A. Talaiekhozani, M.R. Talaei, S. Rezania, An overview on production and application of ferrate (VI) for chemical oxidation, coagulation and disinfection of water and wastewater, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5 (2017) 1828-1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017. 03.025.
[13] V.K. Sharma, Potassium ferrate(VI): an environmentally friendly oxidant, Adv. Environ. Res. 6 (2002) 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1093-0191(01)00119-8.
[14] J.-Q. Jiang, B. Lloyd, Progress in the development and use of ferrate(VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment, Water Res. 36 (2002) 1397-1408. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00358-X.
[15] D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Ferrate(VI): In situ generation and water treatment – A review, Desalination and Water Treatment 30 (2011) 319-332. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2217.
[16] K.T. Tien, N. Graham, J.-Q. Jiang, Evaluating the coagulation performance of ferrate: A preliminary study, ACS Symp. Ser 985 (2008) 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0985.ch017.
[17] N. Graham, T. Khoi, J.-Q. Jiang, Oxidation and coagulation of humic substances by potassium ferrate, Water Sci. Technol. 62 (2010) 929-936. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.369.
[18] J.-Q. Jiang, S. Wang, A. Panagoulopoulos, Comparative performance of potassium ferrate (VI) in drinking water and sewage treatment, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes Island, Greece (2005) 1-3. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/19443994.2014.938303.
[19] V.K. Sharma, R. Zboril, R.S. Varma, Ferrates: Greener Oxidants with Multimodal Action in Water Treatment Technologies, Acc. Chem. Res. 48 (2015) 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar 5004219.