Capillary Characteristics and Applicability of Coal Bottom Ash as an Anti-Capillary Material for Coastal Constructions
Main Article Content
Abstract
Utilization of Coal bottom ash (CBA) as well as finding the solutions to prevent saline intrusion, meeting the needs of coastal infrastructure development have been considered by the authors of the article for a long time. In this study, the authors focused on analyzing capillary characteristics in order to find a suitable group of CBA particles, which can be applied in the design of foundations with the high ability in restricting or preventing the effects of salt in saline groundwater. The obtained results show that (1) The capillary height is inversely proportional to the particle size: the larger the particle, the smaller the capillary height and vice versa. The CBA group with a diameter of 2.0 - 5.0 mm has an average capillary height around 3.33 cm; a group of particles size of 1.0 - 2.0 mm is 7.16 cm; a group of particles size of 0.5 – 1.0 mm is 23.36 cm. Meanwhile, the group of particles size of 0.1 - 0.5 mm is 31.26 cm. (2) The capillary height is inversely proportional to the salt concentration in the capillary solution: the maximum capillary height exhibits with the lowest capillary solution salinity ~ 0.0 g/L, whereas it reaches minimum value when salinity approximate 33.0 g/L. Thus, CBA with the same particle size of gravel (diameter from 2.0 to 5.0 mm) is able to block capillary flow. This study forms the basis for the design solutions of anti-saline foundation, especially in the context of climate change and sea-level rise.
Keywords:
Capillary, Coal Bottom Ash, Coal thermo electricity, Saline intrusion, Sea-level rise, Foundation.
References
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[2] A. Lena Mihova, Nguyen Ngoc Truc “Bearing capacity analysis of hanoi soft ground improved with a reinforced foundation pad”.
[3] A.Lena Mihova, Nguyen Ngoc Truc, “Constitutive models for settlement analysis of soft salt-affected ground”, 14th International Scientific Conference VSU'2014, 9/2014.
[4] ASTM International, (2014), Active Standard ASTM C1585 – 13.
[5] V.P. Petrukhin, “Construction of structures on saline soils”, A. A. Balkema/Rotterdam.Brookfield, 1993.
[6] Do Minh Toan, “Formation of the geological characteristics of Holocene sedimentary formations on the Marine – swamp origin in the Northern and the ability to use them for construction purposes”, Candidate of Sciences thesis in Geography - Geology, Ha Noi University of Mining and Geology, 1993. (in Vietnamese)
[7] To Van Lan, "Utilization on the effect of saline environment and salinization on the stability and deformation of construction works' foundation", PhD thesis in Engineering, The Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, Ho Chi Minh city, 2002. (in Vietnamese)
[8] Nguyen Ngoc Truc, Lena Mihova, Hanoi Cohesive Soil in Salt-Affected Conditions: Soil Properties and 2D Consolidation Analysis. International Journal of Civil Engineering, https:// doi.rog/10.1007/s40999-019-00422-5, 2019.
[9] Nguyen Ngoc Truc, Lena Mihova, Toshifumi Mukunoki, Do Minh Duc, Effect of Saline Intrusion on the Properties of Cohesive Soils in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019.
[10] Nguyen Ngoc Truc, Lena A. Mihova, Soft soil in salt - affected media: geotechnical perspectives. VNU Press, Hanoi, 282p, 2015.
[11] L.A. Mihova, N.N. Truc, Bearing capacity analysis of Hanoi soft ground improved with reinforced foundation pad, Engineering Science, Year LIII, Scientific journal of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2016.
[12] L.A. Mihova, N.N. Truc, 2015. Study of deformation of salt-affected soils by FEM, a case study of soft soil in the Red River delta, Vietnam. ECSMGE 17 (12) (2015) 4013-4018. ICE Publishing, https://doi.rog/10.1680/ecsmge.60678.vol7.634.
[13] Nguyen Ngoc Truc, “Some geotechnical characteristics of Hanoi soft soil in saline environment”, VNU Journal of science, Natural science and technology 30 (2S) (2014) 12-20. (in Vietnamese)
[14] Nguyen Ngoc Truc, B. Kirov, Secondary consolidation of hanoi soft soil in saline saturated media related to climate change induced sealevel rise, 2013.
[15] Vietnamese Government, The Approval of Revisions to the National Power Development Plan from 2011 to 2020 with Visions Extended to 2030, Vietnamese Government, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2016.
[16] Luong Nhu Hai, N. K, “Fly ash and applications”, Ha Noi: Economic and Technology Information - CNHC Vol 06-2014. (in Vietnamese)
[17] ASTM International, (2014), Active Standard ASTM C1585 – 13.
[18] Vietnam Standards TCVN 4315:2007 in Granulated blast furnace slag for cement production. (in Vietnamese)