Simultaneous Determination and Preliminary Source Estimation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Road Dust from Northern Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Concentrations of seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (Ʃ7PCBs) and eight predominant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Ʃ8PBDEs) were examined in outdoor dust samples collected from some representative areas in northern Vietnam, including a core urban area of Hanoi City, an industrial park in Thai Nguyen Province, and a rural area in Bac Giang Province. Levels (median and range) of Ʃ7PCBs and Ʃ8PBDEs in our dust samples were 2.8 (0.028–22) and 11 (0.55–52) ng/g, respectively. Concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the urban and industrial dust samples were significantly higher than those measured in the rural ones, suggesting the role of urbanization-industrialization processes on the emission of these pollutants. PCBs exhibited specific profiles in the industrial dusts with significant proportions of low-chlorinated congeners such as CB-28 and CB-52, while the remaining samples were more contaminated by heavier compounds such as CB-118, CB-138, and CB-153. For PBDEs, BDE-209 was the most predominant congener in all the samples. Emission souces of PCBs and PBDEs in our dust samples were estimated to be household, traffic, and industrial activities. Human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs in outdoor dusts was estimated, implying relatively low health risk.
Keywords:
PCBs, PBDEs, outdoor dust, urbanization, industrialization.
References
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[2] R. Weber, C. Herold, H. Hollert, J. Kamphues, L. Ungemach, M. Blepp, K. Ballschmiter, Life cycle of PCBs and contamination of the environment and of food products from animal origin, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2018) 16325-16343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1811-y.
[3] M. Alaee, P. Arias, A. Sjodin, A. Bergman, An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release, Environ. Int. 29 (2003) 683-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1.
[4] J. Li, Y. Chen, W. Xiao, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles: a review of its applications and legislation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (2017) 4312-4321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4515-6.
[5] A. Schecter, P. Furst, W. Groebel, J.D. Constable, S. Kolesnikov, A. Beim, A. Boldonov, E. Trubitsun, B. Vlasov, H.D. Cau, L.C. Dai, H.T. Quynh, Levels of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and other chlorinated xenobiotics in food from the Soviet Union and the south of Vietnam, Chemosphere 20 (1990) 799-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90185-V.
[6] K. Kannan, S. Tanabe, H.T. Quynh, N.D. Hue, R. Tatsukawa, Residue pattern and dietary intake of persistent organochlorine compounds in food stuffs from Vietnam. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22 (1992) 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212555.
[7] V.D. Thao, M. Kawano, R. Tatsukawa, Persistent organochlorine residues in soils from tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries. Environ. Pollut. 81 (1993) 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90029-N.
[8] N.H. Minh, T.B. Minh, N. Kajiwara, T. Kunisue, H. Iwata, P.H. Viet, N.P.C. Tu, B.C. Tuyen, S. Tanabe, Contamination by polybrominated ethers and persistent organochlorines in catfish and feed from Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25 (2006) 2700-2709. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-600R.1.
[9] N.M. Tue, S. Takahashi, G. Suzuki, T. Isobe, P.H. Viet, Y. Kobara, N. Seike, G. Zhang, A. Sudaryanto, S. Tanabe, Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal ewaste recycling sites, Environ. Int. 51 (2013) 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.006.
[10] S. Takahashi, N.M. Tue, C. Takayanagi, L.H. Tuyen, G. Suzuki, H. Matsukami, P.H. Viet, T. Kunisue, S. Tanabe, PCBs, PBDEs and dioxin-related compounds in floor dust from an informal end-of-life vehicle recycling site in northern Vietnam: contamination levels and implications for human exposure, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 19 (2017) 1333-1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0571-3.
[11] A. Eguchi, T. Isobe, K. Ramu, N.M. Tue, A. Sudaryanto, G. Devanathan, P.H. Viet, R.S. Tana, S. Takahashi, A. Subramanian, S. Tanabe, Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries, Chemosphere 90 (2013) 2365- 2371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.027.
[12] P.M. Hoai, N.T. Ngoc, N.H. Minh, P.H. Viet, M. Berg, A.C. Alder, W. Giger, Recent levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the sewer system in Hanoi, Vietnam, Environ. Pollut. 158 (2010) 913-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.018.
[13] M. Klees, E. Hiester, P. Bruckmann, T.C. Schmidt, Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in street dust of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, Sci. Total Environ. 511 (2015) 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.018.
[14] M. Klees, K. Hombrecher, D. Gladtke, Polychlorinated biphenyls in the surrounding of an e-waste recycling facility in North-Rhine Westphalia: levels in plants and dusts, spatial distribution, homologue pattern and source identification using the combination of plants and wind direction data, Sci. Total Environ. 603-604 (2017) 606-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.079.
[15] O. Froescheis, R. Looser, G.M. Cailliet, W.M. Jarman, K. Ballschmiter, The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part I: PCBs in surface and deep-sea dwellingfish of the North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California), Chemosphere 40 (2000) 651-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00461-0.
[16] Z. Cao, L. Zhao, J. Kuang, Q. Chen, G. Zhu, K. Zhang, S. Wang, P. Wu, X. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Harrad, J. Sun, Vehicles as outdoor BFR sources: Evidence from an investigation of BFR occurrence in road dust, Chemosphere 179 (2017) 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.095.
[17] M.U. Khan, J. Li, G. Zhang, R.N. Malik, New insight into the levels, distribution and health risk diagnostic of indoor and outdoor dust-bound FRs in colder, rural and industrial zones of Pakistan, Environ. Pollut. 216 (2016) 662-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.030.
[18] H.Q. Anh, V.D. Nam, T.M. Tri, N.M. Ha, N.T. Ngoc, P.T.N. Mai, D.H. Anh, N.H. Minh, N.A. Tuan, T.B. Minh, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic products, indoor dust, sediment and fish from informal e-waste recycling sites in Vietnam: a comprehensive assessment of contamination, accumulation pattern, emissions, and human exposure, Environ. Geochem. Health 39 (2017) 935-954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9865-6.
[19] G.M. Frame, J.W. Cochran, S.S. Bowadt, Complete PCB congener distributions for 17 Aroclor mixtures determined by 3 HRGC systems optimized for comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analysis. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 19 (1996) 657-668. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240191202.
[20] M.J. La Guardia, R.C. Hale, E. Harvey, Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa- and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 6247-6254. https://doi.org/10.1021/es060630m.
[21] US EPA, Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final Report). http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk, 2011 (accessed 2 September 2018).