Assessments of Sand Dune Ecosystem Service Potential from Son Tra (Da Nang) to Tam Ky (Quang Nam)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The coastal area in the Son Tra – Tam Ky region have various kinds of sand dunes: (1) embryo dunes; (2) foredunes; (3) yellow dunes; (4) gray dunes; (5) white dunes; (6) brown dunes. These sand dunes play an important role in maintaining biodiversity, minimizing the damage of natural hazards and tourism development. In last decade, the sand dunes in Son Tra (Da Nang) - Tam Ky (Quang Nam) is strongly influenced by urbanization and tourism development. Different resorts have been built along the beaches, narrowing protective forests on the sand dunes. It does not only reduce the value of cultural ecosystem services; but also, the ability to regulate natural disasters and air pollution. Therefore, the study aims to assess the unbalance in sand dune ecosystems service supply in Son Tra - Tam Ky area. Methods used in the study include: remote sensing and GIS, collecting statistics and specialist interviews. The results showed a clear differentiation in the potential of the ecosystem services in different sand dune types. Lastly, the study analyzed the values of sand dune ecosystem services in Son Tra - Cua Dai part; to assess differences in planning and development policies between the coastal zones of Quang Nam and Da Nang.
Keywords:
Ecosystem service matrix, embryo dune, foredune, expert judgment, land use/cover.
References
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[5] M. Everard, L. Jones, B. Watts, Have we neglected the societal importance of sand dunes? An ecosystem services perspective, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 20 (4) (2010) 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1114.
[6] M. S. Meixler, Assessment of Hurricane Sandy damage and resulting loss in ecosystem services in a coastal-urban setting, Ecosyst. Serv. 24 (2017) 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser. 2016.12.009.
[7] U.M. Nehren, H. Thai, H. Dac, C. Raedig, S. Patricia, A. De Nehren, Chapter 18: Ecosystem Services of Coastal Dune Systems for Hazard Mitigation: Case Studies from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Chile, in: Ecosystem Services of Coastal Dune Systems for Hazard Mitigation, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43633-318.
[8] R.G. Biel, S.D. Hacker, P. Ruggiero, N. Cohn, E. W. Seabloom, Coastal protection and conservation on sandy beaches and dunes: Context-dependent tradeoffs in ecosystem service supply, Ecosphere, 8/4, 2017. https://doi.org/10. 1002/ecs2.1791.
[9] A. Urbis, R. Povilanskas, A. Newton, Valuation of aesthetic ecosystem services of protected coastal dunes and forests, Ocean Coast. Manag., 179, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman. 2019.104832.
[10] L.T. Tam, Solution for tourism development in Binh Thuan province in the period of 2015-2020, J. Dev. Integr. 32 (05)(2015) 78–81.
[11] D. Holmes, The Geography of Coastal Sand Dunes. Geo Factsheet, Birmingham, 119, 2001.
[12] T. Nghi, Evolution to form coastal sand system in Central Vietnam in the interaction relationship with sea level changes in Quaternary, Proceeding of Marine Geological and Geophysical Researches, 2, 1996, pp. 130-138.
[13] L.D. An, U.D. Khanh, Geomorphology in Vietnam: Structure – Resources – Environment, Publishing of Natural and Technological Sciences, 2012.
[14] N.V. Tuan, T. Nghi, T.T. Van, N.X. Khien, Provenance, Characteristics and Paleogeographic Conditions of the Quaternary Sandy Formations in Coastal Area of Binh Thuan Province, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences 34(3) (2018) 55-70. https://doi.org/ 10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4267.
[15] B. Burkhard, M. Kandziora, Y. Hou, F. Müller, Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands-concepts for spatial localization, indication and quantification, Landscape Online, 34 (1) (2014) 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201434.
[16] F. Müller, Assessing ecosystem service potentials to evaluate terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystem types in Northern Germany – An expert-based matrix approach, Ecol. Indic., 112, 2020, p. 106116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolind.2020.106116.
[17] M. Kandziora, B. Burkhard, F. Müller, Interactions of ecosystem properties, ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators-A theoretical matrix exercise, Ecol. Indic. 28 (2013) 54–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.006.
[18] T. Nghi, Solutions to minimize hazards and to reform littoral sandy bars aimed to sustainable economic development in Quang Binh province, VNU J. Sci., 2 (2006) 10.
[19] C. Vinchon, Response of the Coastline to Climate Change. Specific Report for the RESPONSE Project LIFE-Environment program: Evolution of coastal risk (erosion and marine flooding) on the Aquitaine and Languedoc- Roussillon pilot regions. Final report. BRGM/RP-54718-, 2006.