Emissions Factors of Air Pollutants from Rice Straw Burning-hood Experiments
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: The burning of rice straw produces a significant amount of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous air pollutants on a regional and global scale. In this study, the hood experiments were conducted to investigate the emission of air pollutants from rice straw burning (RSB). Samples of PM were collected isokinetically following the U.S. EPA methods 1, 1A, and 5. Gaseous pollutants were directly measured using a flue gas analyzer (Testo 350 XL). Emission factors (EF) (g.kg-1) determined for PM, CO2, CO, and SO2 were 17 ± 3.8, 1399 ± 228, 68 ± 22, and 1.5 ± 0.4, respectively meanwhile NO and NO2 were not detected in the flue gas. It was observed that flaming is the main phase in the process of RSB. The total emission from rice straw burning of 13 provinces in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam in 2020 was estimated using the EF obtained from the hood experiments. The result shows that Kien Giang, An Giang, and Dong Thap were the high emission group in the Mekong River Delta, contributing 19%, 17%, and 14% to total emissions. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for further studies to determine EF from rice straw open burning in the fields and find sustainable measures to control this activity.
Keywords:
Rice straw burning, emission factor, hood experiment, Mekong River Delta, emission estimation.
References
[1] G. Singh, M. K. Gupta, S. Chaurasiya, V. S. Sharma, D. Y. Pimenov, Rice Straw Burning: A Review on its Global Prevalence And The Sustainable Alternatives for its Effective Mitigation, Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14163-3.
[2] G. S. O. Vietnam, General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery, 2020.
[3] J. Chen, C. Li, Z. Ristovski, A. Milic, Y. Gu, M. S. Islam, S. Wang, J. Hao, H. Zhang, C. He, H. Guo, H. Fu, B. Miljevic, L. Morawska, P. Thai, Y. F. Lam, G. Pereira, A. Ding, X. Huang, U. C. Dumka, A Review of Biomass Burning: Emissions and Impacts on Air Quality, Health, and Climate in China, Science of The Total Environment,
Vol. 579, 2017, pp.1000-1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025.
[4] US.EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Volume I: Stationary Point & Area Sources, 1995.
[5] H. Shen, Z. Luo, R. Xiong, X. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Li, W. Du, Y. Chen, H. Cheng, G. Shen, S. Tao, A Critical Review of Pollutant Emission Factors from Fuel Combustion in Home Stoves, Environ Int, Vol. 157, 2021, pp.106841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841.
[6] N. T. Kim Oanh, T.L. Bich, D. Tipayarom, B. R. Manadhar, P. Prapat, C. D. Simpson, L. J. Liu, Characterization of Particulate Matter Emission from Open Burning of Rice Straw, Atmos Environ, Vol. 45, 2011, pp. 493-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.023
[7] Y. Zhang, D. Obrist, B. Zielinska, A. Gertler, Particulate Emissions from Different Types of Biomass Burning, Atmospheric Environment,
Vol. 72, 2013, pp. 27-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.026.
[8] P. C. Thuy, B. T. Ly, T. D. Nghiem, T. H. P. Pham, N.-T. Minh, N. Tang, K. Hayakawa, A. Toriba, Emission Factors of Selected Air Pollutants from Rice Straw Burning in Hanoi, Vietnam, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01050-6.
[9] M. O. Andreae, P. Merlet, Emission of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Biomass Burning, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 15, 2001, pp. 955-966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382.
[10] N. T. Dung, N. V. Thang, Determination of Emission Factors For Domestic Sources Using Biomass Fuels, Journal of Science & Technology Vol. 82A, 2011, pp. 32-36,
[11] P. T. Huu, N. T. Dung, Emission Factors of Selected Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Rice Straw, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 50, 2012, pp. 230-236,
[12] H. A. Le, D. M. Phuong, L. T. Linh, Emission Inventories of Rice Straw Open Burning in the Red River Delta of Vietnam: Evaluation of the Potential Of Satellite Data, Environ Pollut, Vol. 260, 2020, pp. 113972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113972.
[13] H. Arai, Y. Hosen, V. N. Pham Hong, N. T. Thi, C. N. Huu, K. Inubushi, Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Straw Burning and Straw-Mushroom Cultivation in a Triple Rice Cropping System in the Mekong Delta, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 61, 2015, pp. 719-735, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1041862.
[14] N. T. K. Oanh, L. B. Reutergårdh, N. T. Dung, Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, 1999, pp. 2703-2709, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980853f.
[15] US.EPA, Method 1A—Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources, 2017.
[16] U.S.EPA, Modified Method 5 (Method 0010) Sampling train., Revision 0, U.S. EPA, September, 1986.
[17] S. Chantara, D. Thepnuan, W. Wiriya, S. Prawan, Y. I. Tsai, Emissions of Pollutant Gases, Fine Particulate Matters and Their Significant Tracers from Biomass Burning in an Open-System Combustion Chamber, Chemosphere, Vol. 224, 2019, pp. 407-416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.153.
[18] P. T. H. Phuong, P. T. M. Thao, A Review of Methods for the Determination of the Emission Factors of Air Pollutants from Rice Straw Open Burning, TNU Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 225, 2020, pp. 17-25,
[19] H. Zhang, X. Ye, T. Cheng, J. Chen, X. Yang, L. Wang, R. Zhang, A Laboratory Study of Agricultural Crop Residue Combustion in China: Emission Factors and Emission Inventory, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, 2008,
pp. 8432-8441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.015.
[20] K. Lasko, K. Vadrevu, Improved Rice Residue Burning Emissions Estimates: Accounting for Practice-Specific Emission Factors In Air Pollution Assessments of Vietnam, Environ Pollut, Vol. 236, 2018, pp. 795-806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.098.
[21] B. Jenkins, S. T. Danieljones, Robert.Williams., Emission Factors for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Biomass Burning Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, 1996, pp. 2462-2469, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950699m.
[22] X. Li, S. Wang, L. Duan, J. Hao, C. Li, Y. Chen, L. Yang, Particulate and Trace Gas Emissions from Open Burning of Wheat Straw and Corn Stover in China, Environmental Science & Technology,
Vol. 41, 2007, pp. 6052-6058, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0705137.
[23] M. O. Andreae, Emission of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Biomass Burning – An Updated Assessment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2019, pp. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019.
[24] G. Cao, X. Zhang, S. Gong, F. Zheng, Investigation on Emission Factors of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 20, 2008, pp. 50-55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60007-8.
[25] S. V. L. A. J. Koppejan, The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing, Earthscan, Earthscan Publishes in Association with the International Institute for Environment and Development, 2008.
[26] N. D. Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering, Waveland Press, 2010.
[27] G. Martin, V. H. Nguyen, C. Pauline, D. Boru, Sustainable Rice Straw Management, Springer, Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2020
[28] S. Hosseini, S. Urbanski, P. Dixit, L. Qi, I. R. Burling, R. J. Yokelson, T. J. Johnson,
M. Shrivastava, H. Jung, D. R. Weise, Laboratory Characterization of PM Emissions from Combustion of Wildland Biomass Fuels, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, 2013, pp. 9914-9929.
[29] K. Hayashi, K. Ono, M. Kajiura, S. Sudo,
S. Yonemura, A. Fushimi, K. Saitoh, Y. Fujitani, K. Tanabe, Trace Gas and Particle Emissions From Open Burning of Three Cereal Crop Residues: Increase in Residue Moistness Enhances Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and Particulate Organic Carbon, Atmospheric Environment,
Vol. 95, 2014, pp. 36-44, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.023.
[30] VGSO, Statistical Year Book of Vietnam, in Statistical Year Book of Vietnam General Statistics Office, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020.
[31] N. T. H. N, T. S. Nam, N. H.Chiem, N. V. C. Ngan, L. H. Viet, K. Ingvorsen., Estimation of Rice Straw Quantity and Treatment Measures in Some Mekong Delta Provinces, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 32, 2014, pp. 87-93 (in Vietnamese).
[32] N. P. H. Van., T. T. Nga., N. H. Chiem, K. Inubushi., H. Arai, Y. Hosen., Rice Straw Management by Farmers in a Triple Rice Production System in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Tropical Agriculture and Development, Vol. 58, 2014, pp. 155-162, https://doi.org/10.11248/jsta.58.155.
[2] G. S. O. Vietnam, General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery, 2020.
[3] J. Chen, C. Li, Z. Ristovski, A. Milic, Y. Gu, M. S. Islam, S. Wang, J. Hao, H. Zhang, C. He, H. Guo, H. Fu, B. Miljevic, L. Morawska, P. Thai, Y. F. Lam, G. Pereira, A. Ding, X. Huang, U. C. Dumka, A Review of Biomass Burning: Emissions and Impacts on Air Quality, Health, and Climate in China, Science of The Total Environment,
Vol. 579, 2017, pp.1000-1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025.
[4] US.EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Volume I: Stationary Point & Area Sources, 1995.
[5] H. Shen, Z. Luo, R. Xiong, X. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Li, W. Du, Y. Chen, H. Cheng, G. Shen, S. Tao, A Critical Review of Pollutant Emission Factors from Fuel Combustion in Home Stoves, Environ Int, Vol. 157, 2021, pp.106841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841.
[6] N. T. Kim Oanh, T.L. Bich, D. Tipayarom, B. R. Manadhar, P. Prapat, C. D. Simpson, L. J. Liu, Characterization of Particulate Matter Emission from Open Burning of Rice Straw, Atmos Environ, Vol. 45, 2011, pp. 493-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.023
[7] Y. Zhang, D. Obrist, B. Zielinska, A. Gertler, Particulate Emissions from Different Types of Biomass Burning, Atmospheric Environment,
Vol. 72, 2013, pp. 27-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.026.
[8] P. C. Thuy, B. T. Ly, T. D. Nghiem, T. H. P. Pham, N.-T. Minh, N. Tang, K. Hayakawa, A. Toriba, Emission Factors of Selected Air Pollutants from Rice Straw Burning in Hanoi, Vietnam, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01050-6.
[9] M. O. Andreae, P. Merlet, Emission of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Biomass Burning, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 15, 2001, pp. 955-966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382.
[10] N. T. Dung, N. V. Thang, Determination of Emission Factors For Domestic Sources Using Biomass Fuels, Journal of Science & Technology Vol. 82A, 2011, pp. 32-36,
[11] P. T. Huu, N. T. Dung, Emission Factors of Selected Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Rice Straw, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 50, 2012, pp. 230-236,
[12] H. A. Le, D. M. Phuong, L. T. Linh, Emission Inventories of Rice Straw Open Burning in the Red River Delta of Vietnam: Evaluation of the Potential Of Satellite Data, Environ Pollut, Vol. 260, 2020, pp. 113972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113972.
[13] H. Arai, Y. Hosen, V. N. Pham Hong, N. T. Thi, C. N. Huu, K. Inubushi, Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Straw Burning and Straw-Mushroom Cultivation in a Triple Rice Cropping System in the Mekong Delta, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 61, 2015, pp. 719-735, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1041862.
[14] N. T. K. Oanh, L. B. Reutergårdh, N. T. Dung, Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, 1999, pp. 2703-2709, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980853f.
[15] US.EPA, Method 1A—Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources, 2017.
[16] U.S.EPA, Modified Method 5 (Method 0010) Sampling train., Revision 0, U.S. EPA, September, 1986.
[17] S. Chantara, D. Thepnuan, W. Wiriya, S. Prawan, Y. I. Tsai, Emissions of Pollutant Gases, Fine Particulate Matters and Their Significant Tracers from Biomass Burning in an Open-System Combustion Chamber, Chemosphere, Vol. 224, 2019, pp. 407-416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.153.
[18] P. T. H. Phuong, P. T. M. Thao, A Review of Methods for the Determination of the Emission Factors of Air Pollutants from Rice Straw Open Burning, TNU Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 225, 2020, pp. 17-25,
[19] H. Zhang, X. Ye, T. Cheng, J. Chen, X. Yang, L. Wang, R. Zhang, A Laboratory Study of Agricultural Crop Residue Combustion in China: Emission Factors and Emission Inventory, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, 2008,
pp. 8432-8441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.015.
[20] K. Lasko, K. Vadrevu, Improved Rice Residue Burning Emissions Estimates: Accounting for Practice-Specific Emission Factors In Air Pollution Assessments of Vietnam, Environ Pollut, Vol. 236, 2018, pp. 795-806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.098.
[21] B. Jenkins, S. T. Danieljones, Robert.Williams., Emission Factors for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Biomass Burning Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, 1996, pp. 2462-2469, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950699m.
[22] X. Li, S. Wang, L. Duan, J. Hao, C. Li, Y. Chen, L. Yang, Particulate and Trace Gas Emissions from Open Burning of Wheat Straw and Corn Stover in China, Environmental Science & Technology,
Vol. 41, 2007, pp. 6052-6058, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0705137.
[23] M. O. Andreae, Emission of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Biomass Burning – An Updated Assessment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2019, pp. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019.
[24] G. Cao, X. Zhang, S. Gong, F. Zheng, Investigation on Emission Factors of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 20, 2008, pp. 50-55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60007-8.
[25] S. V. L. A. J. Koppejan, The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing, Earthscan, Earthscan Publishes in Association with the International Institute for Environment and Development, 2008.
[26] N. D. Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering, Waveland Press, 2010.
[27] G. Martin, V. H. Nguyen, C. Pauline, D. Boru, Sustainable Rice Straw Management, Springer, Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2020
[28] S. Hosseini, S. Urbanski, P. Dixit, L. Qi, I. R. Burling, R. J. Yokelson, T. J. Johnson,
M. Shrivastava, H. Jung, D. R. Weise, Laboratory Characterization of PM Emissions from Combustion of Wildland Biomass Fuels, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, 2013, pp. 9914-9929.
[29] K. Hayashi, K. Ono, M. Kajiura, S. Sudo,
S. Yonemura, A. Fushimi, K. Saitoh, Y. Fujitani, K. Tanabe, Trace Gas and Particle Emissions From Open Burning of Three Cereal Crop Residues: Increase in Residue Moistness Enhances Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and Particulate Organic Carbon, Atmospheric Environment,
Vol. 95, 2014, pp. 36-44, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.023.
[30] VGSO, Statistical Year Book of Vietnam, in Statistical Year Book of Vietnam General Statistics Office, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020.
[31] N. T. H. N, T. S. Nam, N. H.Chiem, N. V. C. Ngan, L. H. Viet, K. Ingvorsen., Estimation of Rice Straw Quantity and Treatment Measures in Some Mekong Delta Provinces, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 32, 2014, pp. 87-93 (in Vietnamese).
[32] N. P. H. Van., T. T. Nga., N. H. Chiem, K. Inubushi., H. Arai, Y. Hosen., Rice Straw Management by Farmers in a Triple Rice Production System in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Tropical Agriculture and Development, Vol. 58, 2014, pp. 155-162, https://doi.org/10.11248/jsta.58.155.