Toxicity of Military Chemical Sulfur Mustard on the Growth of Daphnia magna
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the sulfur mustard military chemical to the growth and development of zooplankton Daphnia magna. D. magna is a group of crustaceans which have unique features such as virgin reproduction/ parthenogenesis form in a time, easy to identify and so they are usually used as a standard model organism for toxicity testing in aquatic environments. D. magna is exposed to a sulfur mustard stimulant at 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 ppm. The results showed that sulfur mustard agent affected the growth and development of D. magna during the 24 and 48 h exposure. The highest toxicity was observed at the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 ppm with 100% mortality after both 24 and 48 h of exposure. At 0.001 to 0.05 ppm, the mortality rate changed from 6.7 to 30% at 24 h and this ratio increased to 10 and 100% at the concentration of 0.001 and 0.05 ppm after 48h, respectively. The LC50 values recorded at 24 h and 48 h were 0.020 and 0.018 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that sulfur mustard can be toxic to the aquatic ecosystem and we need to take this into account when using this chemical group.
Keywords:
D. magna, Sulfur mustard, Military toxicant, Mortality rate, Toxicity.
References
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L. Kotwicki, K. Grzelak, J. Jakacki, N. Fricke, A. Ostin, U. Ollson, J. Fabisiak, G. Garnaga,
J. R. Nyholm, P. Majewski, K. Broeg, O. M. Sonderstr, P. Vanninen, S. Popiel, J. Nawała,
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T. Brzeziński, P. Maszczyk, H. Sanderson,
J. Fabisiak, J. Bełdowski, L. Kotwicki, Acute Aquatic Toxicity of Sulfur Mustard and Its Degradation Products to Daphnia magna, Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 161, 2020,
pp. 105077.
[2] H. V. Nguyen, T. N. Vu, Curriculum of Military Poisons Chemistry, Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi, 2018, pp. 61-77
(in Vietnamese).
[3] L. Konopski, Historia Broni Chemicznej (Bellona, Warszawa), 2009.
[4] Sipri, The Problems of Chemical and Biological Warfare, The Rise of Cb Weapons, Stockholm, Vol. 1, 1971.
[5] K. Chmielinska, E. Hub, D. Bausinger, T. Simon, M. Rivi`Ere, G. Fauser, P. Sanderson, Environmental Contamination with Persistent Cyclic Mustard Gas Impurities and Transformation Products, Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2019, pp. 14-23,
[6] M. Edwards, J. Bełdowski, Chemical Munitions Dumped at Sea, Deep-Sea Res, Part Ii, Vol. 128, 2016, pp. 1-3.
[7] O. Soderstr, M. Ostin, A. Qvarnstrom,
J. Magnusson, R. R. Nyholm, J. Vaher, M. Joul,
P. Less, H. Kaljurand, M. Szubska, M. Vanninen, P. Bełdowski, Chemical Analysis of Dumped Chemical Warfare Agents During the Modum Project, In: Beldowski, J., Been, R., Turmus, E.K. (Eds.)”, Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (Modum), Nato Science for Peace and Security Series-C: Environmental Security. Springer, 2017, pp. 71-103.
[8] T. Lang, L. Kotwicki, M. Czub, K. Grzelak,
L. Weirup, K. Straumer, The Health Status of Fish and Benthos Communities in Chemical Munitions Dumpsites in the Baltic Sea, in: Beldowski,
J. Been, R. Turmus, E. K. (Eds.), Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (Modum), Nato Science for Peace and Security Series-C: Environmental Security, Springer, 2017, pp. 129-152.
[9] N. A. M. Riviere, A. O. Inman, M. C. Babin, R. P. Casillas, Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Basement Membrane Epitopes in Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Sulfide-Induced Toxicity in Mouse Ear Skin”, J Appl Toxicol, 1999, pp. 313 -328.
[10] H. T. T. Ngo, S. T. Dao, Effects of Domestic Wastewater on Microcrustaceans, Journal of Stinfo, Vol. 1&2, 2014, pp. 49-54 (in Vietnamese).
[11] H. T. T. Tran, T. N. Vu, The Impact of Military Chemical CS on the Growth of Daphnia magna”, Vietnam National Conference on Biotechnology Proceeding, 2021, pp. 1150-1154 (in Vietnamese).
[12] E. J. Olajos, M. D. W. Stopford, Riot Control Agents: Issues İn Toxicology, Safety & Health, in Crc Press, 2004, pp. 150-368.
[13] OECD, Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section, Oecd Publishing, Paris, Vol. 2, 2012.
[14] D. J. Finney, Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1971.
[15] M. Söderstrøm, A. Östin, M. R. Qvarnström,
J. Rattfeltnyholm, M. Vaher, P. Joul, H. Lees,
M. Kaljurand, M. Szubska, P. Vanninen,
J. Beldowski, Chapter 4: Chemical Analysis of Dumped Chemical Warfare Agents During the Modum Project, in B. Beldowski (Ed.), Nato Sps Series. Turmus, 2018.
[16] X. T. Nguyen, H. T. T. Tran, The Impact of Endosulfan Pesticide Toxicity on the Growth of Daphnia magna, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2019, pp. 21-25
(in Vietnamese).
[17] B. Roberta, C. Valeria, N. Francesca, P. Benedetta, Q. Silvia, G. Silvana, Ecotoxicity of pp’DDE to Daphnia magna, Ecotoxicology, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2013, pp. 1255-1263.
[18] M. Heinlaan, A. Kahru, K. Kasemets, B. Arbeille, G. Prensier, Changes in the Daphnia magna Midgut Upon Ingestion of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. Water Res., Vol. 45, 2011,
pp. 179-190.
[19] B. Ellen, Micro - and Nanoplastic in the Aquatic Environment - from Rivers to Whales, PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Nl with References, with Summaries in English and Dutch, ISBN: 978-94-6343-259-7, 2018.
[20] I. M. A. Christensen, M. S. Storgaard, P. Fauser, S. F. Hansen, E. Baatrup, H. Sanderson, Acute Toxicity of Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions: Luminating the Environmental Toxcity of Legacy Compounds, Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, Vol. 1, 2016, pp. 39-50.
[21] M. C. Donald, C. E. Joan, L. C. Cassie, M. G. Jacob, S. Thomas, J. S. David, Toxicological Effects of Military Fog Oil Obscurant on Daphnia
magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia in Field and Laboratory Exposures, Ecotoxicology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2008, pp. 517-25.
[22] A. P. Watson, G. D. Griffin, Toxicity of Vesicant Agents Scheduled for Destruction by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 98, 1992, pp. 259-280.
[23] J. Bełdowski, Z. Klusek, M. Szubska, R. Turja,
A. I. Bulczak, D. Rak, M. Brenner, T. Lang,
L. Kotwicki, K. Grzelak, J. Jakacki, N. Fricke, A. Ostin, U. Ollson, J. Fabisiak, G. Garnaga,
J. R. Nyholm, P. Majewski, K. Broeg, O. M. Sonderstr, P. Vanninen, S. Popiel, J. Nawała,
K. Lehtonen, R. Berglind, B. Schmidt, Chemical Munitions Search and Assessment – An Evaluation of the Dumped Munitions Problem in the Baltic Sea, Deep-Sea Research Ii, Vol. 128, 2016, pp. 85-95.