The Effects of Biochar on Exchangeable Metal Concentration in Paddy Soils
Main Article Content
Abstract
The presence of metals in soil may impact the environment, as well as agricultural products. Biochar can alter some physical and chemical properties of the soil, reducing the concentrations of exchangeable metals in the soil. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of biochar on the exchangeable metal concentration in two paddy soils that have different organic carbon (OC) contents. A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using two soils with high (3.05%) and low (0.54%) OC content mixed with biochar at rates of 0, 1.5, 3, 6, and 12%, and planted with rice in two consecutive seasons. At the end of each season, 30 soil samples (2 soil types x 5 biochar rates x 3 replicates) were collected to determine the exchangeable concentration of Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, as well as pH. The metal quality index was calculated using principal component/factor analysis. The results showed that biochar increased the pH value after the first rice crop but did not improve after the second rice season. Biochar reduced the exchangeable concentration of some metals, including Al, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Compared to the no-biochar treatment, biochar application increased the soil metal quality index from 4.1 to 12.8% after the first crop and from 9.6 to 188.7% after the second rice crop, depending on soil properties and used biochar rate. This effect could be related to the increased pH in biochar-added soil and biochar's adsorption capacity. In conclusion, biochar has promising prospects for reducing exchangeable metal content in arable soils, thus exhibiting the potential to be used in paddy fields to remediate metal-contaminated soils.
Keywords:
Biochar, metals, agricultural soil, exchangeable content, soil properties.
References
[1] H. Ali, E. Khan, I. Ilahi, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation, Journal of Chemistry,
Vol. 2019, 2019, pp. 6730305, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305.
[2] A. Alengebawy, S. T. Abdelkhalek, S. R. Qureshi, M. Q. Wang, Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications, Toxics, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042.
[3] Z. Li, Z. Ma, T. J. V. D. Kuijp, Z. Yuan, L. Huang, A Review of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution from Mines in China: Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Science of The Total Environment, 2014, pp. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090.
[4] L. Y. Bai, X. B. Zeng, L. F. Li, C. Pen, S. H. Li, Effects of Land Use on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Sources Analysis, Agricultural Sciences in China, Vol. 9, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1650-1658, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60262-5.
[5] R. Xiao, D. Guo, A. Ali, S. Mi, T. Liu, C. Ren,
R. Li, Z. Zhang, Accumulation, Ecological-Health Risks Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soils: A Case Study in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China, Environonmetal Pollution, Vol. 248, 2019, pp. 349-357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.045.
[6] T. H. Nguyen, H. N. T. Hoang, N. Q. Bien,
L. H. Tuyen, K. W. Kim, Contamination of
Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil in the Vicinity of
Nui Phao Multi-Metal Mine, North Vietnam, Environ Geochem Health, Vol. 42, No. 12, 2020,
pp. 4141-4158,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00611-5.
[7] R. Wuana, F. E. Okieimen, Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation, ISRN Ecol., 2011, pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647.
[8] K. N. Palansooriya, J. Li, P. D. Dissanayake,
M. Suvarna, L. Li, X. Yuan, B. Sarkar, D. C. W. Tsang, J. Rinklebe, X. Wang, Y. S. Ok, Prediction of Soil Heavy Metal Immobilization by Biochar Using Machine Learning, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 56, No. 7, 2022,
pp. 4187-4198, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08302.
[9] J. Lehmann, S. Joseph, Biochar for Environmental Management: An Introduction, in Biochar for Environmental Management, J. Lehmann, Joseph, S., Editor Earthscan in the UK: Dunstan House, London, EC1N 8XA, UK, 2009, pp. 1-12.
[10] H. Zhang, C. Chen, E. M. Gray, S. E. Boyd, Effect of Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature on Properties of Biochar Governing End Use Efficacy, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 105, 2017, pp. 136-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.024.
[11] B. T. Nguyen, G. D. Dinh, H. P. Dong, L. B. Le, Sodium Adsorption Isotherm and Characterization of Biochars Produced from Various Agricultural Biomass Wastes, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 346, 2022, pp. 131250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131250.
[12] A. Khan, S. Khan, M. Lei, M. Alam, M. A. Khan, A. Khan, Biochar Characteristics, Applications and Importance in Health Risk Reduction through Metal Immobilization, Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol. 20, 2020, pp. 101121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101121.
[13] M. Guo, W. Song, J. Tian, Biochar-Facilitated Soil Remediation: Mechanisms and Efficacy Variations, Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 8, No. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.521512.
[14] L. Beesley, E. M. Jiménez, J. L. G. Eyles, Effects of Biochar and Greenwaste Compost Amendments on Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants in a Multi-Element Polluted Soil, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 158, No. 6, 2010, pp. 2282-2287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.003.
[15] A. Igalavithana, J. Park, C. Ryu, Y. Lee,
Y. Hashimoto, L. Huang, Y. S. Ok, S. S. Lee, Slow Pyrolyzed Biochars from Crop Residues for Soil Metal(Loid) Immobilization and Microbial Community Abundance in Contaminated Agricultural Soils, Chemosphere, Vol. 177, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.112.
[16] M. Ahmad, A. U. Rajapaksha, J. E. Lim, M. Zhang, N. Bolan, D. Mohan, M. Vithanage, S. S. Lee,
Y. S. Ok, Biochar as a Sorbent for Contaminant Management in Soil and Water: A Review, Chemosphere, Vol. 99, 2014, pp. 19-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071.
[17] General Statistics Office, Statistical Yearbook 2021, https://www.gso.gov.vn/bai-top/2022/08/ nien-giam -thong-ke-2021-2/ 2021 (accessed on: August 24th, 2022) (in Vietnamese).
[18] WRB, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. Fao, Rome., 2015, https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf (accessed on: August 24th, 2022).
[19] A. Singla, S. K. Dubey, A. Singh, K. Inubushi, Effect of Biogas Digested Slurry-Based Biochar on Methane Flux and Methanogenic Archaeal Diversity in Paddy Soil, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 197, 2014, pp. 278-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.010.
[20] M. R. Carter, E. G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: Crc Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008
[21] C. Knoblauch, S. H. R. Priyadarshani, S. M. Haefele, N. Schröder, E. M. Pfeiffer, Impact of Biochar on Nutrient Supply, Crop Yield and Microbial Respiration on Sandy Soils of Northern Germany, European Journal of Soil Science,
Vol. 72, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1885-1901, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13088.
[22] B. T. Nguyen, J. Lehmann, Black Carbon Decomposition under Varying Water Regimes, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2009,
pp. 846-853, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem. 2009.05.004.
[23] R. Ott, M. Longnecker, An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis, 5th Edition (Cengage Learning: Florence, Ky), 2011.
[24] B. T. Nguyen, L. B. Le, L. P. Pham, H. T. Nguyen, T. D. Tran, N. Van Thai, The Effects of Biochar on the Biomass Yield of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach) and Properties of Acidic Soils, Ind Crops Prod, Vol. 161, 2021, pp. 113224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113224.
[25] F. Razzaghi, E. Arthur, A. A. Moosavi, Evaluating Models to Estimate Cation Exchange Capacity of Calcareous Soils, Geoderma, Vol. 400, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115221.
[26] E. F. Solly, V. Weber, S. Zimmermann,
L. Walthert, F. Hagedorn, M. W. I. Schmidt, A Critical Evaluation of the Relationship between the Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Soil Organic Carbon Content in Swiss Forest Soils, Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Vol. 3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00098.
[27] B. T. Nguyen, V. N. Nguyen, T. X. Nguyen, M. H. Nguyen, H. P. Dong, G. D. Dinh, N. V. Nguyen,
T. V. Pham, High Biochar Rates May Suppress Rice (Oryza Sativa) Growth by Altering the Ratios of C to N and Available N to P in Paddy Soils, Soil Use and Management, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12842.
[28] B. T. Nguyen, G. D. Dinh, T. X. Nguyen, D. T. P. Nguyen, T. N. Vu, H. T. T. Tran, N. V. Thai,
H. Vu, D. D. Do, The Potential of Biochar to Ameliorate the Major Constraints of Acidic and Salt-Affected Soils, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022, pp. 1340-1350, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00736-1.
[29] Z. Dai, Y. Wang, N. Muhammad, Y. Xiongsheng, K. Xiao, J. Meng, X. Liu, J. Xu, P. Brookes, The Effects and Mechanisms of Soil Acidity Changes, Following Incorporation of Biochars in Three Soils Differing in Initial Ph, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 78, 2014, pp. 1606, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.08.0340.
[30] R. B. Fidel, D. A. Laird, M. L. Thompson,
M. Lawrinenko, Characterization and Quantification of Biochar Alkalinity, Chemosphere, Vol. 167, 2017, pp. 367-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.151.
[31] H. Dvořáčková, J. Dvořáček, P. H. González,
V. Vlček, Effect of Different Soil Amendments on Soil Buffering Capacity, PloS One, Vol. 17,
No. 2, 2022, pp. e0263456, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263456.
[32] C. Mao, Y. Song, L. Chen, J. Ji, J. Li,
X. Yuan, Z. Yang, G. A. Ayoko, R. L. Frost,
F. Theiss, Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Paddy Rice Based on Transfer Characteristics of Heavy Metals from Soil to Rice, Catena, Vol. 175, 2019, pp. 339-348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.029.
[33] M. K. Zhang, Z. Y. Liu, H. Wang, Use of Single Extraction Methods to Predict Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Polluted Soils to Rice, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2010, pp. 820-831, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103621003592341.
[34] F. Rees, M. O. Simonnot, J. L. Morel, Short-Term Effects of Biochar on Soil Heavy Metal Mobility Are Controlled by Intra-Particle Diffusion and Soil Ph Increase, European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 65, No. 1, 2014, pzdity, in Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 210-235, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316809785.01.
[35] M. I. Inyang, B. Gao, Y. Yao, Y. Xue,
A. Zimmerman, A. Mosa, P. Pullammanappallil, Y. S. Ok, X. Cao, A Review of Biochar as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Aqueous Heavy Metal Removal, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2016,
pp. 406-433, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1096880.
[36] L. Qian, Q. Li, J. Sun, Y. Feng, Effect of Biochar on Plant Growth and Aluminium Form of Soil under Aluminium Stress, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 108, 2018, pp. 042123, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042123.
[37] Q. Wu, Y. Xian, Z. He, Q. Zhang, G. Yang,
X. Zhang, H. Qi, J. Ma, Y. Xiao, L. Long, Adsorption Characteristics of Pb(Ii) Using Biochar Derived from Spent Mushroom Substrate, Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52554-2.
[38] R. N. Mourgela, P. Regkouzas, F. M. Pellera,
E. Diamadopoulos, Ni(Ii) Adsorption on Biochars Produced from Different Types of Biomass, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 231, No. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04591-1.
[39] G. Rétháti, A. Vejzer, B. Simon, R. Benjared,
G. Füleky, Examination of Zinc Adsorption Capacity of Soils Treated with Different Pyrolysis Products, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment, Vol. 6, 2014, https://doi.org/ 10.2478/ausae-2014-0010.
[40] N. V. Hien, E. V. Jones, N. C. Vinh, T. T. Phu,
N. T. T. Tam, I. Lynch, Effectiveness of Different Biochar in Aqueous Zinc Removal: Correlation with Physicochemical Characteristics, Bioresource Technology Reports, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100466.
[41] B. T. Nguyen, V. N. Nguyen, T. X. Nguyen,
M. H. Nguyen, H. P. Dong, G. D. Dinh, B. T. Phan, T. V. Pham, N. V. Thai, H. T. T. Tran, Biochar Enhanced Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Growth by Balancing Crop Growth-Related Characteristics of Two Paddy Soils of Contrasting Textures, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022,
pp. 2013-2025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00790-3.
[42] N. Hailegnaw, F. Mercl, K. Pračke, J. Száková,
P. Tlustoš, Mutual Relationships of Biochar and Soil Ph, Cec, and Exchangeable Base Cations in a Model Laboratory Experiment, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02264-z.
[43] E. A. Ibrahim, M. A. A. E. Sherbini, E. M. M. Selim, Effects of Biochar on Soil Properties, Heavy Metal Availability and Uptake, and Growth of Summer Squash Grown in Metal-Contaminated Soil, Scientia Horticulturae, Vol. 301, 2022,
pp. 111097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111097.
[44] J. Wang, L. Shi, L. Zhai, H. Zhang, S. Wang,
J. Zou, Z. Shen, C. Lian, and Y. Chen, Analysis of the Long-Term Effectiveness of Biochar Immobilization Remediation on Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil and the Potential Environmental Factors Weakening the Remediation Effect: A Review, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 207, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111261.
[45] M. Coquery and P. M. Welbourn, The Relationship between Metal Concentration and Organic Matter in Sediments and Metal Concentration in the Aquatic Macrophyte Eriocaulon Septangulare, Water Research, Vol. 29, No. 9, 1995, pp. 2094-2102,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00015-D.
[46] J. Lasota, E. Błońska, S. Łyszczarz, M. Tibbett, Forest Humus Type Governs Heavy Metal Accumulation in Specific Organic Matter Fractions, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 231, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-4450-0.
[47] J. Jiang, Y. P. Wang, M. Yu, N. Cao, J. Yan, Soil Organic Matter is Important for Acid Buffering and Reducing Aluminum Leaching from Acidic Forest Soils, Chemical Geology, Vol. 501, 2018, pp. 86-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.10.009.
Vol. 2019, 2019, pp. 6730305, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305.
[2] A. Alengebawy, S. T. Abdelkhalek, S. R. Qureshi, M. Q. Wang, Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications, Toxics, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042.
[3] Z. Li, Z. Ma, T. J. V. D. Kuijp, Z. Yuan, L. Huang, A Review of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution from Mines in China: Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Science of The Total Environment, 2014, pp. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090.
[4] L. Y. Bai, X. B. Zeng, L. F. Li, C. Pen, S. H. Li, Effects of Land Use on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Sources Analysis, Agricultural Sciences in China, Vol. 9, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1650-1658, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60262-5.
[5] R. Xiao, D. Guo, A. Ali, S. Mi, T. Liu, C. Ren,
R. Li, Z. Zhang, Accumulation, Ecological-Health Risks Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soils: A Case Study in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China, Environonmetal Pollution, Vol. 248, 2019, pp. 349-357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.045.
[6] T. H. Nguyen, H. N. T. Hoang, N. Q. Bien,
L. H. Tuyen, K. W. Kim, Contamination of
Heavy Metals in Paddy Soil in the Vicinity of
Nui Phao Multi-Metal Mine, North Vietnam, Environ Geochem Health, Vol. 42, No. 12, 2020,
pp. 4141-4158,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00611-5.
[7] R. Wuana, F. E. Okieimen, Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation, ISRN Ecol., 2011, pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647.
[8] K. N. Palansooriya, J. Li, P. D. Dissanayake,
M. Suvarna, L. Li, X. Yuan, B. Sarkar, D. C. W. Tsang, J. Rinklebe, X. Wang, Y. S. Ok, Prediction of Soil Heavy Metal Immobilization by Biochar Using Machine Learning, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 56, No. 7, 2022,
pp. 4187-4198, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08302.
[9] J. Lehmann, S. Joseph, Biochar for Environmental Management: An Introduction, in Biochar for Environmental Management, J. Lehmann, Joseph, S., Editor Earthscan in the UK: Dunstan House, London, EC1N 8XA, UK, 2009, pp. 1-12.
[10] H. Zhang, C. Chen, E. M. Gray, S. E. Boyd, Effect of Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature on Properties of Biochar Governing End Use Efficacy, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 105, 2017, pp. 136-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.024.
[11] B. T. Nguyen, G. D. Dinh, H. P. Dong, L. B. Le, Sodium Adsorption Isotherm and Characterization of Biochars Produced from Various Agricultural Biomass Wastes, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 346, 2022, pp. 131250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131250.
[12] A. Khan, S. Khan, M. Lei, M. Alam, M. A. Khan, A. Khan, Biochar Characteristics, Applications and Importance in Health Risk Reduction through Metal Immobilization, Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol. 20, 2020, pp. 101121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101121.
[13] M. Guo, W. Song, J. Tian, Biochar-Facilitated Soil Remediation: Mechanisms and Efficacy Variations, Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 8, No. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.521512.
[14] L. Beesley, E. M. Jiménez, J. L. G. Eyles, Effects of Biochar and Greenwaste Compost Amendments on Mobility, Bioavailability and Toxicity of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants in a Multi-Element Polluted Soil, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 158, No. 6, 2010, pp. 2282-2287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.003.
[15] A. Igalavithana, J. Park, C. Ryu, Y. Lee,
Y. Hashimoto, L. Huang, Y. S. Ok, S. S. Lee, Slow Pyrolyzed Biochars from Crop Residues for Soil Metal(Loid) Immobilization and Microbial Community Abundance in Contaminated Agricultural Soils, Chemosphere, Vol. 177, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.112.
[16] M. Ahmad, A. U. Rajapaksha, J. E. Lim, M. Zhang, N. Bolan, D. Mohan, M. Vithanage, S. S. Lee,
Y. S. Ok, Biochar as a Sorbent for Contaminant Management in Soil and Water: A Review, Chemosphere, Vol. 99, 2014, pp. 19-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071.
[17] General Statistics Office, Statistical Yearbook 2021, https://www.gso.gov.vn/bai-top/2022/08/ nien-giam -thong-ke-2021-2/ 2021 (accessed on: August 24th, 2022) (in Vietnamese).
[18] WRB, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. Fao, Rome., 2015, https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf (accessed on: August 24th, 2022).
[19] A. Singla, S. K. Dubey, A. Singh, K. Inubushi, Effect of Biogas Digested Slurry-Based Biochar on Methane Flux and Methanogenic Archaeal Diversity in Paddy Soil, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 197, 2014, pp. 278-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.08.010.
[20] M. R. Carter, E. G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: Crc Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008
[21] C. Knoblauch, S. H. R. Priyadarshani, S. M. Haefele, N. Schröder, E. M. Pfeiffer, Impact of Biochar on Nutrient Supply, Crop Yield and Microbial Respiration on Sandy Soils of Northern Germany, European Journal of Soil Science,
Vol. 72, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1885-1901, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13088.
[22] B. T. Nguyen, J. Lehmann, Black Carbon Decomposition under Varying Water Regimes, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2009,
pp. 846-853, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem. 2009.05.004.
[23] R. Ott, M. Longnecker, An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis, 5th Edition (Cengage Learning: Florence, Ky), 2011.
[24] B. T. Nguyen, L. B. Le, L. P. Pham, H. T. Nguyen, T. D. Tran, N. Van Thai, The Effects of Biochar on the Biomass Yield of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach) and Properties of Acidic Soils, Ind Crops Prod, Vol. 161, 2021, pp. 113224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113224.
[25] F. Razzaghi, E. Arthur, A. A. Moosavi, Evaluating Models to Estimate Cation Exchange Capacity of Calcareous Soils, Geoderma, Vol. 400, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115221.
[26] E. F. Solly, V. Weber, S. Zimmermann,
L. Walthert, F. Hagedorn, M. W. I. Schmidt, A Critical Evaluation of the Relationship between the Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Soil Organic Carbon Content in Swiss Forest Soils, Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Vol. 3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00098.
[27] B. T. Nguyen, V. N. Nguyen, T. X. Nguyen, M. H. Nguyen, H. P. Dong, G. D. Dinh, N. V. Nguyen,
T. V. Pham, High Biochar Rates May Suppress Rice (Oryza Sativa) Growth by Altering the Ratios of C to N and Available N to P in Paddy Soils, Soil Use and Management, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12842.
[28] B. T. Nguyen, G. D. Dinh, T. X. Nguyen, D. T. P. Nguyen, T. N. Vu, H. T. T. Tran, N. V. Thai,
H. Vu, D. D. Do, The Potential of Biochar to Ameliorate the Major Constraints of Acidic and Salt-Affected Soils, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022, pp. 1340-1350, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00736-1.
[29] Z. Dai, Y. Wang, N. Muhammad, Y. Xiongsheng, K. Xiao, J. Meng, X. Liu, J. Xu, P. Brookes, The Effects and Mechanisms of Soil Acidity Changes, Following Incorporation of Biochars in Three Soils Differing in Initial Ph, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 78, 2014, pp. 1606, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.08.0340.
[30] R. B. Fidel, D. A. Laird, M. L. Thompson,
M. Lawrinenko, Characterization and Quantification of Biochar Alkalinity, Chemosphere, Vol. 167, 2017, pp. 367-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.151.
[31] H. Dvořáčková, J. Dvořáček, P. H. González,
V. Vlček, Effect of Different Soil Amendments on Soil Buffering Capacity, PloS One, Vol. 17,
No. 2, 2022, pp. e0263456, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263456.
[32] C. Mao, Y. Song, L. Chen, J. Ji, J. Li,
X. Yuan, Z. Yang, G. A. Ayoko, R. L. Frost,
F. Theiss, Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Paddy Rice Based on Transfer Characteristics of Heavy Metals from Soil to Rice, Catena, Vol. 175, 2019, pp. 339-348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.029.
[33] M. K. Zhang, Z. Y. Liu, H. Wang, Use of Single Extraction Methods to Predict Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Polluted Soils to Rice, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2010, pp. 820-831, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103621003592341.
[34] F. Rees, M. O. Simonnot, J. L. Morel, Short-Term Effects of Biochar on Soil Heavy Metal Mobility Are Controlled by Intra-Particle Diffusion and Soil Ph Increase, European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 65, No. 1, 2014, pzdity, in Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 210-235, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316809785.01.
[35] M. I. Inyang, B. Gao, Y. Yao, Y. Xue,
A. Zimmerman, A. Mosa, P. Pullammanappallil, Y. S. Ok, X. Cao, A Review of Biochar as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Aqueous Heavy Metal Removal, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2016,
pp. 406-433, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1096880.
[36] L. Qian, Q. Li, J. Sun, Y. Feng, Effect of Biochar on Plant Growth and Aluminium Form of Soil under Aluminium Stress, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 108, 2018, pp. 042123, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042123.
[37] Q. Wu, Y. Xian, Z. He, Q. Zhang, G. Yang,
X. Zhang, H. Qi, J. Ma, Y. Xiao, L. Long, Adsorption Characteristics of Pb(Ii) Using Biochar Derived from Spent Mushroom Substrate, Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52554-2.
[38] R. N. Mourgela, P. Regkouzas, F. M. Pellera,
E. Diamadopoulos, Ni(Ii) Adsorption on Biochars Produced from Different Types of Biomass, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 231, No. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04591-1.
[39] G. Rétháti, A. Vejzer, B. Simon, R. Benjared,
G. Füleky, Examination of Zinc Adsorption Capacity of Soils Treated with Different Pyrolysis Products, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment, Vol. 6, 2014, https://doi.org/ 10.2478/ausae-2014-0010.
[40] N. V. Hien, E. V. Jones, N. C. Vinh, T. T. Phu,
N. T. T. Tam, I. Lynch, Effectiveness of Different Biochar in Aqueous Zinc Removal: Correlation with Physicochemical Characteristics, Bioresource Technology Reports, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100466.
[41] B. T. Nguyen, V. N. Nguyen, T. X. Nguyen,
M. H. Nguyen, H. P. Dong, G. D. Dinh, B. T. Phan, T. V. Pham, N. V. Thai, H. T. T. Tran, Biochar Enhanced Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Growth by Balancing Crop Growth-Related Characteristics of Two Paddy Soils of Contrasting Textures, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2022,
pp. 2013-2025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00790-3.
[42] N. Hailegnaw, F. Mercl, K. Pračke, J. Száková,
P. Tlustoš, Mutual Relationships of Biochar and Soil Ph, Cec, and Exchangeable Base Cations in a Model Laboratory Experiment, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02264-z.
[43] E. A. Ibrahim, M. A. A. E. Sherbini, E. M. M. Selim, Effects of Biochar on Soil Properties, Heavy Metal Availability and Uptake, and Growth of Summer Squash Grown in Metal-Contaminated Soil, Scientia Horticulturae, Vol. 301, 2022,
pp. 111097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111097.
[44] J. Wang, L. Shi, L. Zhai, H. Zhang, S. Wang,
J. Zou, Z. Shen, C. Lian, and Y. Chen, Analysis of the Long-Term Effectiveness of Biochar Immobilization Remediation on Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil and the Potential Environmental Factors Weakening the Remediation Effect: A Review, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 207, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111261.
[45] M. Coquery and P. M. Welbourn, The Relationship between Metal Concentration and Organic Matter in Sediments and Metal Concentration in the Aquatic Macrophyte Eriocaulon Septangulare, Water Research, Vol. 29, No. 9, 1995, pp. 2094-2102,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00015-D.
[46] J. Lasota, E. Błońska, S. Łyszczarz, M. Tibbett, Forest Humus Type Governs Heavy Metal Accumulation in Specific Organic Matter Fractions, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 231, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-4450-0.
[47] J. Jiang, Y. P. Wang, M. Yu, N. Cao, J. Yan, Soil Organic Matter is Important for Acid Buffering and Reducing Aluminum Leaching from Acidic Forest Soils, Chemical Geology, Vol. 501, 2018, pp. 86-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.10.009.