Optimizing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Collection and Transportation Network Using GIS and Agent-based Modeling Approach: A Case Study in Hung Yen City, Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents a method for optimizing the municipal solid waste (MSW) collection system using a simulation model that integrates spatial analysis and an agent-based modeling approach. Parameters for the model, including waste generation loads, collection points, and collection rates, were obtained through field surveys in Hung Yen city. Optimization scenarios were formulated based on the environmental management goals of the local authorities, which include a population growth rate of 1.5%, the expansion of collection routes (adding two new “hand-pulled garbage” routes), additional vehicle investment (two garbage compactors and 40 hand carts), and at-source treatment (more than 25% of households). The scenario analysis shows that all tested factors effectively reduce MSW generation and residue by 59% compared to the “business as usual” scenario. The optimal routing under the formulated scenarios requires establishing 10 additional transfer points and routes through densely populated areas to achieve the local authorities' goal of a collection rate over 80%. Despite these interventions, some households remain outside the collection service. This finding suggests that additional solutions, such as waste recycling for households not covered by the MSW collection service, are necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals for the locality.
Keywords:
Solid waste, GIS, network analysis, Agent-based modelling, scenario analysis
References
[1] M. G. Jurczak, M. Tarabuła, A. D. Read, Increasing Participation in Rational Municipal Waste Management: A Case Study Analysis in Jaslo City (Poland), Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2003, pp. 67-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00124-6.
[2] T. Wagner, P. Arnold, A New Model for Solid Waste Management: An Analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW Strategy, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2008, pp. 410-421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.016.
[3] M. E. Asefa, B. K. Barasa, M. D. Adare, Application of Geographic Information System in Solid Waste Management, Z. Yuanzhi, C. Qiuming, C. (eds.), Geographic Information Systems and Applications in Coastal Studies, Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2022, pp. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103773.
[4] R. Sallem, M. J. Rouis, Optimization of Household Waste Collection Routes Using GIS: Case Study of El Bousten District, Commune of Sfax, Tunisia, Current World Environment, Vol. 12,
No. 1, 2017, pp. 53-60, https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.1.07.
[5] M. A. E. Hallaq, R. Mosabeh, Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management of Bins Using GIS: A Case Study, Nuseirat City, Journal of Geographic Information System, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2019, pp. 32-43, https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2019.111003.
[6] A. Malakahmad, P. M. Bakri, M. R. M. Mokhtar, N. Khalil, Solid Waste Collection Routes Optimization Via GIS Techniques in Ipoh City, Malaysia, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 77, 2014, pp. 20-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.023.
[7] V. C. Mai, S. H. Nguyen, C. D. Dao, T. V. Le, H. A. Phan, A GIS Application in Optimizing the Collection and Transportation Route of Domestic Solid Waste in Hue City, Vietnam, A.T. Nguyen, L. Hens (eds), Global Changes and Sustainable Development in Asian Emerging Market Economies, Springer, Cham, Vol. 2, 2022,
pp. 599-610, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81443-4_38.
[8] S. M. H. Erfani, S. Danesh, S. M. Karrabi, R. Shad, A Novel Approach to Find and Optimize Bin Locations and Collection Routes Using a Geographic Information System, Waste Management & Research, Vol. 35, No. 7, 2017,
pp. 776-785, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17706753.
[9] V. R. Sumathi, U. Natesan, C. Sarkar, GIS-based Approach for Optimized Siting of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Waste Management, Vol. 28, No. 11, 2008, pp. 2146-2160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.032.
[10] L. T. Quynh, N. X. Hoa, D. T. Trung, GIS in Domestic Solid Waste Management: Applicability and Practice Experience, Journal of Human Geography Research, Vol. 3, No. 34, 2021, pp. 31-38 (in Vietnamese).
[11] N. T. Lanh, Y. Matsui, N .H. Trung, N. P. Thanh, GIS and GPS Application Support Monitoring and Management of Municipal Solid Waste Collection - Transfer System in Can Tho city, CTU Journal of Science-CTUJoS, Vol. 20b, 2011, pp. 1-11 (in Vietnamese).
[12] L. T. Tuan, Geographic Information System (GIS) Application in Household Solid Waste Management in Cam Le District, Da Nang City, Graduation Thesis, University of Education, University of Da Nang, 2015, (in Vietnamese).
[13] N. D. Truong, GIS Application for Solid Waste Management in Dong Hoi City, Quang Binh Province. Master's Thesis in Urban and Construction Management, Hanoi University of Architecture, 2014 (in Vietnamese).
[14] J. F. Cordeau, G. Laporte, A. Mercier, A Unified Tabu Search Heuristic for Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 52, No. 8, 2001, pp. 928-936, http://www.jstor.org/stable/822953 (accessed on October 10th, 2023).
[15] W. Song, C. Wu, Introduction to Advancements of GIS in The New IT Era, Annals of GIS, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2021.1890920.
[16] E. Bonabeau, Agent-based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Simulating Human Systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, Vol. 99, 2002,
pp. 7280-7287, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.082080899.
[17] A. A. Monshar, A. A. Bazu, V. Palade, An Agent-based Optimisation Approach for Vehicle Routing Problem with Unique Vehicle Location and Depot, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 192, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116370.
[18] T. A. Ngo, L. See, Calibration and Validation of Agent-Based Models of Land Cover Change, Heppenstall, A. J., Crooks, A. T., See, L. M. & Batty, M. (eds.), Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, 2012, pp 181-197, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8927-4_10.
[19] U. Wilensky, NetLogo [Online]. Center for Connected Learning and Computer−Based Modeling (1999). Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. Available: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ (accessed on October 10th, 2023).
[20] P. Frana, An Interview with Edsger W. Dijkstra, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 53, No. 8, 2010, pp. 41-47,
https://doi.org 10.1145/1787234.1787249.
[21] GSO, Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2021, Statistical Publishing House, 2021 (in Vietnamese).
[22] MONRE, The National Environmental Status Report in 2019: Domestic Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2020 (in Vietnamese).
[23] T. T. K. Lien, A. H. Hu, P. P. S. Toan, Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam Toward Sustainability, Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 6, 2021, pp.1-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063517.
[24] Prime Minister of Vietnam, Approval to Adjust the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management by 2025, with a Vision to 2050. Available online: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/tai-nguyen-moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-491-QD-TTg-2018-dieu-chinh-Chien-luoc-quoc-gia-quan-ly-tong-hop-chat-thai-ran-381368.aspx (accessed on October 16th, 2023) (in Vietnamese).
[25] The National Assembly, Decree No. 08/2022/ND-CP January 10, 2022 of Government Elaboration of Several Articles of The Law on Environmental Protection, Law No. 72/2020/QH14, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[26] MONRE, Circular No. 02/2022/TT-BTNMT dated January 10, 2022 on Detailing A Number of Articles of Law on Environmental Protection, No. 02/2022/TT-BTNMT, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[27] The National Assembly, Law on Environmental Protection. Law No. 72/2020/QH14, 2020, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[28] Prime Minister of Vietnam, Solid Waste Development Strategy in Urban Areas and Industrial Zones in Vietnam to 2020., Available online: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/tai-nguyen-moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-152-1999-QD-TTg-phe-duyet-chien-luoc-phat-trien-chat-thai-ran-do-thi-va-khu-cong-nghiep-Viet-Nam-den-2020-45446.aspx (accessed on October 16th, 2023) (in Vietnamese).
[2] T. Wagner, P. Arnold, A New Model for Solid Waste Management: An Analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW Strategy, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2008, pp. 410-421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.016.
[3] M. E. Asefa, B. K. Barasa, M. D. Adare, Application of Geographic Information System in Solid Waste Management, Z. Yuanzhi, C. Qiuming, C. (eds.), Geographic Information Systems and Applications in Coastal Studies, Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2022, pp. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103773.
[4] R. Sallem, M. J. Rouis, Optimization of Household Waste Collection Routes Using GIS: Case Study of El Bousten District, Commune of Sfax, Tunisia, Current World Environment, Vol. 12,
No. 1, 2017, pp. 53-60, https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.1.07.
[5] M. A. E. Hallaq, R. Mosabeh, Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management of Bins Using GIS: A Case Study, Nuseirat City, Journal of Geographic Information System, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2019, pp. 32-43, https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2019.111003.
[6] A. Malakahmad, P. M. Bakri, M. R. M. Mokhtar, N. Khalil, Solid Waste Collection Routes Optimization Via GIS Techniques in Ipoh City, Malaysia, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 77, 2014, pp. 20-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.023.
[7] V. C. Mai, S. H. Nguyen, C. D. Dao, T. V. Le, H. A. Phan, A GIS Application in Optimizing the Collection and Transportation Route of Domestic Solid Waste in Hue City, Vietnam, A.T. Nguyen, L. Hens (eds), Global Changes and Sustainable Development in Asian Emerging Market Economies, Springer, Cham, Vol. 2, 2022,
pp. 599-610, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81443-4_38.
[8] S. M. H. Erfani, S. Danesh, S. M. Karrabi, R. Shad, A Novel Approach to Find and Optimize Bin Locations and Collection Routes Using a Geographic Information System, Waste Management & Research, Vol. 35, No. 7, 2017,
pp. 776-785, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17706753.
[9] V. R. Sumathi, U. Natesan, C. Sarkar, GIS-based Approach for Optimized Siting of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Waste Management, Vol. 28, No. 11, 2008, pp. 2146-2160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.032.
[10] L. T. Quynh, N. X. Hoa, D. T. Trung, GIS in Domestic Solid Waste Management: Applicability and Practice Experience, Journal of Human Geography Research, Vol. 3, No. 34, 2021, pp. 31-38 (in Vietnamese).
[11] N. T. Lanh, Y. Matsui, N .H. Trung, N. P. Thanh, GIS and GPS Application Support Monitoring and Management of Municipal Solid Waste Collection - Transfer System in Can Tho city, CTU Journal of Science-CTUJoS, Vol. 20b, 2011, pp. 1-11 (in Vietnamese).
[12] L. T. Tuan, Geographic Information System (GIS) Application in Household Solid Waste Management in Cam Le District, Da Nang City, Graduation Thesis, University of Education, University of Da Nang, 2015, (in Vietnamese).
[13] N. D. Truong, GIS Application for Solid Waste Management in Dong Hoi City, Quang Binh Province. Master's Thesis in Urban and Construction Management, Hanoi University of Architecture, 2014 (in Vietnamese).
[14] J. F. Cordeau, G. Laporte, A. Mercier, A Unified Tabu Search Heuristic for Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 52, No. 8, 2001, pp. 928-936, http://www.jstor.org/stable/822953 (accessed on October 10th, 2023).
[15] W. Song, C. Wu, Introduction to Advancements of GIS in The New IT Era, Annals of GIS, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2021.1890920.
[16] E. Bonabeau, Agent-based Modeling: Methods and Techniques for Simulating Human Systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, Vol. 99, 2002,
pp. 7280-7287, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.082080899.
[17] A. A. Monshar, A. A. Bazu, V. Palade, An Agent-based Optimisation Approach for Vehicle Routing Problem with Unique Vehicle Location and Depot, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 192, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116370.
[18] T. A. Ngo, L. See, Calibration and Validation of Agent-Based Models of Land Cover Change, Heppenstall, A. J., Crooks, A. T., See, L. M. & Batty, M. (eds.), Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, 2012, pp 181-197, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8927-4_10.
[19] U. Wilensky, NetLogo [Online]. Center for Connected Learning and Computer−Based Modeling (1999). Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. Available: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ (accessed on October 10th, 2023).
[20] P. Frana, An Interview with Edsger W. Dijkstra, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 53, No. 8, 2010, pp. 41-47,
https://doi.org 10.1145/1787234.1787249.
[21] GSO, Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2021, Statistical Publishing House, 2021 (in Vietnamese).
[22] MONRE, The National Environmental Status Report in 2019: Domestic Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2020 (in Vietnamese).
[23] T. T. K. Lien, A. H. Hu, P. P. S. Toan, Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam Toward Sustainability, Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 6, 2021, pp.1-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063517.
[24] Prime Minister of Vietnam, Approval to Adjust the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management by 2025, with a Vision to 2050. Available online: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/tai-nguyen-moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-491-QD-TTg-2018-dieu-chinh-Chien-luoc-quoc-gia-quan-ly-tong-hop-chat-thai-ran-381368.aspx (accessed on October 16th, 2023) (in Vietnamese).
[25] The National Assembly, Decree No. 08/2022/ND-CP January 10, 2022 of Government Elaboration of Several Articles of The Law on Environmental Protection, Law No. 72/2020/QH14, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[26] MONRE, Circular No. 02/2022/TT-BTNMT dated January 10, 2022 on Detailing A Number of Articles of Law on Environmental Protection, No. 02/2022/TT-BTNMT, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[27] The National Assembly, Law on Environmental Protection. Law No. 72/2020/QH14, 2020, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).
[28] Prime Minister of Vietnam, Solid Waste Development Strategy in Urban Areas and Industrial Zones in Vietnam to 2020., Available online: https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/tai-nguyen-moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-152-1999-QD-TTg-phe-duyet-chien-luoc-phat-trien-chat-thai-ran-do-thi-va-khu-cong-nghiep-Viet-Nam-den-2020-45446.aspx (accessed on October 16th, 2023) (in Vietnamese).