Assessment of Sediment Quality of Some Heavy Metals in the Con Lu Bay Area, Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: Surface sediments were sampled in the Con Lu bay area to assess the levels of elemental enrichment, pollution, and ecological risks based on sediment grain sizes and heavy metal concentrations. Our results show that sediments in the bay-mouth area contain coarser and better sorting grain sizes than those in the center of the bay. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were ordered from the highest to the lowest as follows: Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. The levels of geo-accumulation of metals, estimated using the reference background of the global average shale, are low for As, Cd, Cu, Zn, but are moderate to strong for Pb. The average values of metal enrichment factor (EF) are greater than 1.5, indicating the probable influence of anthropogenic activities. The contents of almost all heavy metals (i.e., As, Cd, Cu, Zn) in the sediment samples are lower than their regulation thresholds in the QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT, but Pb concentrations of samples in the bay mouth are ~ 6.5% higher than its regulation threshold. However, the assessment indexes including metal enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PER) are moderate, implying a sign of pollution and low ecological risk for surface sediments. Therefore, there is a need of early planning to limit the emission of heavy metals in the Con Lu Bay, where aquaculture activities and fishing boats have been concentrated.
Keywords:
Surface sediments, heavy metals, enrichment index, ecological risks, geo-accumulation.
References
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[2] N. Tran, T. N. Mai, V. N. Chu, P. Hoekstra, et al., Holocene Sedimentary Evolution, Geodynamic and Anthropogenic Control of the Balat River Mouth Formation (Red River-Delta, Northern Vietnam), Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, Berlin, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2002, pp. 157-172.
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[4] V. D. Vinh, T. D. Thanh, Characteristics of Curent Variation in the Coastal Area of Red River Delta – Results of Research Using the 3D Numerical Model. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2014, pp. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/14/2/4480 (in Vietnamese).
[5] N. N. Anh, An Insight into Source Apportionment of Metals in Superficial Sediments from the Tien Hai Nature Reserve of the Red River Delta, Vietnam, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 185,
Part A, 2022, pp. 114-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114278.
[6] T. T. H. Nguyen et al., Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Red River Surface Sediments, Vietnam, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 113, 2016, pp. 513-519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.030.
[7] T. T. Tham, L. T. Trinh, T. T. Thuy, Ecological Risks of Sediments Based on Some Heavy Metals in the Red River Downstream, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 64, No. 11, 2022, pp. 48-53, https://doi.org/10.31276/ VJST.64(11). 48-53 (in Vietnamese).
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[9] D. C. Cuong, V. V. Minh, L. T. M. Hanh, Chemical Forms and Assessment of the Risks Caused by Lead in the Surface Sediments of Bau Tram Lake, Danang City, The University of Danang Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No 84.1, 2014, pp 92-96, https://jst-ud.vn/jst-ud/article/view/985 (in Vietnamese).
[10] D. C. Cuong, V. V. Minh, T. N. Son, Ecological Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Cu De River downstream Based on Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), The University of Danang Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 86, 2015, https://jst-ud.vn/jst-ud/article/view/1011 (in Vietnamese).
[11] L. T. Trinh, Accumulation and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Han River Estuary, Da Nang City, VNU Journal of Science: Natural Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4667 (in Vietnamese).
[12] L. H. Thia, N. V. Phuong, Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments Downstream of Vam Thuat River, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 59, No. 5, 2022, https://doi.org/10.46242/jstiuh.v59i05.4601s (in Vietnamese).
[13] L. T. Hai, L. T. Thuy, Content of Some Heavy Metals in Sediments in the Coastal Waters of Quy Nhon, Central Vietnam, Science and Technology Journal of Agricultural and Rural Development, Vol. 2, 2018, pp. 153-158 (in Vietnamese).
[14] L. T. Trinh et al., Heavy Metal Accumulation and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Sediments from Day River Downstream, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environment Science, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2018, pp. 140-147, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4351, (in Vietnamese).
[15] C. K. Wentworth, A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments, The Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, No. 5, 1922, pp 377-392, https://www.jstor.org/stable/30063207 (accessed on: May 1st, 2024).
[16] P. D. Trask, Origin and Environment of Source Sediments of Petroleum, Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 1932, 323 pp.
[17] R. L. Folk, The Distinction Between Grain Size and Mineral Composition in Sedimentary-Rock Nomenclature, Journal of Geology, Vol. 62, 1954, pp. 344-359, https://doi.org/10.1086/626171.
[18] G. F. Birch, An Assessment of Aluminum and Iron in Normalisation and Enrichment Procedures for Environmental Assessment of Marine Sediment, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 727,
Vol. 138123, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138123.
[19] B. F. Kim et al., Critical Evaluation of Different Methods to Calculate the Geoaccumulation Index for Environmental Studies: A New Approach for Baixada Santista - Southeastern Brazil, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 127, 2018, pp. 548-552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.049.
[20] G. Muller, Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River, GeoJournal, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1969, pp. 108-118.
[21] A. Kemp et al., Cultural Impact on the Geochemistry of Sediments in Lake Erie, Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1976, pp 440-462, https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-065.
[22] S. A. Sinex, D. A. Wright, Distribution of Trace Metals in the Sediments and Biota of Chesapeake Bay, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 9, 1988, pp 425-431, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(88)90397-9.
[23] G. F. Birch, M. A. Olmos, Sediment-bound Heavy Metals as Indicators of Human Influence and Biological Risk in Coastal Water Bodies, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 65, No. 8, 2008, pp. 1407-1413, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn139.
[24] G. F. Birch, Determination of Sediment Metal Background Concentrations and Enrichment in Marine Environments–a Critical Review, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 580, 2017,
pp 813-831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.028.
[25] G. F. Birch et al., Sediment Metal Enrichment and Ecological Risk Assessment of Ten Ports and Estuaries in the World Harbours Project, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 155, 2020, pp. 111-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111129.
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[28] G. F. Birch, Assessment of Human-Induced Change and Biological Risk Posed by Contaminants in Estuarine/Harbour Sediments: Sydney Harbour/estuary (Australia), Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 116, No. 1-2, 2017, pp. 234-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.013.
[29] E. R. Long et al., Classifying Probabilities of Acute Toxicity in Marine Sediments with Empirically Derived Sediment Quality Guidelines, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Vol. 19, No. 10, 2000, pp. 2598-2601, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620191028.
[30] D. D. MacDonald et al., Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Florida Coastal Waters, Ecotoxicology, Vol. 5, 1996, pp 253-278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118995.
[31] Q. Wang, Heavy Metal Pollution in the Nearshore Surface Sediments North of the Shandong Peninsula and the Western Miao Islands, China, Regional Studies in Marine Science, Vol. 73, 2024, PP. 103-448 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103448.
[32] V. Sattarova et al., Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of the South China Sea, Vietnam, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 173, 2021, pp. 113045 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113045.
[33] Y. Dou et al., Distribution, Enrichment and Source of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Eastern Beibu Bay, South China Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 1-2, 2013,
pp 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.022.
[34] K. K. Turekian, K. H. Wedepohl, Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth's Crust, Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 72, No. 2, 1961, pp 175-192, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175: DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2.
[35] S. Gao, T. Luo, B. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Han, Z. Zhao, Y. Hu, Chemical Composition of the Continental Crust as Revealed by Studies in East China, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
Vol. 62, No. 11, 1998, pp. 1959-1975, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00121-5.
[36] J. M. Jung, C. J. Kim, C. S. Chung, T. Kim, H. S. Gu, H. E. Kim, K. Y. Choi, Applying New Regional Background Concentration Criteria to Assess Heavy Metal Contamination in Deep-sea Sediments at an Ocean Dumping Site, Republic of Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 200, 2024, pp. 116065, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116065.
[37] National Technical Regulation on Sediment Quality QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT, 2017 (in Vietnamese).
[38] E. R. Long, D. D. MacDonald, L. Smith, F. D. Calder, Incidence of Adverse Biological Effects within Ranges of Chemical Concentrations in Marine and Estuarine Sediments, Environmental Management, Vol. 19, 1995, pp 81-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472006.
[39] E. R. Long, D. D. MacDonald, Recommended Uses of Empirically Derived Sediment Quality Guidelines for Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 4, 1998, pp. 1019-1039, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039891284956.