Geochemical Characteristics and Environmental Risks of Cu in the Soil of A Sloping Vineyard (Phu Tho Province, Vietnam)
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the vineyards, the intensive use of cupric fungicides and fertilizers has resulted in Cu enrichment in the soils. Specifically, in sloping vineyards, the mobility of Cu can contribute to intensify the environmental risks. The research on geochemical characteristics of Cu is a key solution to explore the distribution of Cu in different geochemical fractions and understand the mobility and toxicity of this element in the environment. In this study, we aim to investigate the geochemical properties of Cu in the vineyard topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40-60 cm), using the improved three-step sequential extraction procedure developed by the Commission of the European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR). In addition, the environmental risk is calculated by the environmental risk code (RAC) based on the percentage of Cu in the acid-soluble fraction. The results reveal that the mobility of Cu in the acid-soluble fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (Cu associated with the iron and manganese oxyhydroxides) (F2) tends to decrease with increasing soil depth. The major portion of Cu mostly exists in the strong bond with silicate clays (F4), accounting for 84% of total Cu content on average. Contrarily, the minor propotion of Cu associates with soil organic matter (F3) (3% on average). On the other hand, the content and proportion of Cu in the soil fractions are largerly influenced by basic soil properties (organic matter contents and fine soil particles). In addition, under the impact of soil erosion, higher percentages of F1 and F2 fractions of Cu are observed in the surface soil layers at the top of the hill compared to those at the backslope of the hill. The mean calculated RAC of 10.66%, 5.76%, and 5.38% for the 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm soil layers, respectively, demonstrate a low risk to medium environmental risk level in the studied vineyard. Although an overall low risk level is observed for Cu in the studied vineyard soil, the deposition of Cu originating from repeated Cu-based pesticides and erosion is of particular concern in the vineyard soils.
References
[2] N. T. H. Pham, I. Babcsányi, P. Balling et al., Accumulation Patterns and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Topsoil of Two Sloping Vineyards (Tokaj-Hegyalja, Hungary), J Soils Sediments, Vol. 22, 2022, pp. 2671-2689, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03252-6.
[3] N. T. H. Pham, Distribution and Bioavailability of Copper in the Soil of a Young Steep Vineyard Applying Different Extraction Procedures and Pseudo-Total Digestion, Water Air Soil Pollut, Vol. 235, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07166-6.
[4] M. Mirzaei, S. Marofi, E. Solgi, M. Abbasi, R. Karimi, H. R. R. Bakhtyari, Ecological and Health Risks of Soil and Grape Heavy Metals in Long-term Fertilized Vineyards (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran), Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 42, 2020, pp. 27-43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00242-5.
[5] D. Banas, B. Marin, S. Skraber, E. I. B. Chopin, A. Zanella, Copper Mobilization Affected by Weather Conditions in a Stormwater Detention System Receiving Runoff Waters from Vineyard Soils (Champagne, France), Environmental Pollution, Vol. 158, No. 2, 2010, pp. 476-482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.034.
[6] O. Ribolzi, V. Valles, L. Gomez, M. Voltz, Speciation and Origin of Particulate Copper in Runoff Water from a Mediterranean Vineyard Catchment, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 117, No. 2, 2002, pp. 261-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00274-3.
[7] Z. Szolnoki, A. Farsang, Evaluation of Metal Mobility and Bioaccessibility in Soils of Urban Vegetable Gardens Using Sequential Extraction, Water Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 224, 2013, pp. 1737,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1737-4.
[8] D. A. Lago, M. L. Andrade, M. L. Vila, A. R. Seijo, F. A. Vega, Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Copper Mine: Distribution in Geochemical Fractions, Geoderma, Vol. 230-231, 2014, pp. 108-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.011.
[9] J. Rinklebe, S. M. Shaheen, Assessing the Mobilization of Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel Using a Seven-Step Sequential Extraction Technique in Contaminated Floodplain Soil Profiles Along the Central Elbe River, Germany, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 225, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2039-1.
[10] K. Nemati, N. K. A. Bakar, M. R. Abas, E. Sobhanzadeh, Speciation of Heavy Metals by Modified BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure in Different Depths of Sediments from Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 192, 2011, pp. 402-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.039.
[11] N. T. H. Pham, I. Babcsányi, A. Farsang, Sequential Extraction Based Environmental Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Topsoil of Two Sloping Vineyards (Tokaj-Hegyalja, Hungary), EGU General Assem
bly 2022, Vienna, Austria, Vol. 230-27, 2022, pp. EGU22-3829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3829.
[12] G. Rauret, J. F. L. Sanchez, A. Sahuquillo, R. Rubio, C. Davidson, A. Ureb et al., Improvement of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) Three Step Sequential Extraction Procedure prior to the Certification of New Sediment and Soil Reference Materials, Journal of Environmental Monitoring : JEM, Vol. 11, 1999, pp. 57-61, https://doi.org/10.1039/A807854H.
[13] N. F. Soliman, G. M. E. Zokm, M. A. Okbah, Risk Assessment and Chemical Fractionation of Selected Elements in Surface Sediments from Lake Qarun, Egypt Using Modified BCR Technique, Chemosphere, Vol. 191, 2018, pp. 262-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.049.
[14] FAO, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps, Update 2015, Rome, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i379 4e.pdf (accessed on: June 1st, 2024).
[15] US EPA, Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils, Revision 2, Washington, DC, 1996.
[16] F. Ahmadipour, N. Bahramifar, S. M. Ghasempouri, Fractionation and Mobility of Cadmium and Lead in Soils of Amol Area in Iran, Using the Modified BCR Sequential Extraction Method, Chem. Spec. Bioavailab, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2014, pp. 31-36, https://doi.org/10.3184/095422914X13884321932037.
[17] C. K. Jain, Metal Fractionation Study on Bed Sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2004, pp. 569-578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.042.
[18] J. M. Matong, L. Nyaba, P. N. Nomngongo, Fractionation of Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils Using Ultrasound Assisted Sequential Extraction Prior to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Determination, Chemosphere, Vol. 154, 2016, pp. 249-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.123.
[19] L. Tong, J. He, F. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Tang, Evaluation of the BCR Sequential Extraction Scheme for Trace Metal Fractionation of Alkaline Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash, Chemosphere, Vol. 249, 2020, pp. 126115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126115.