Application of Ferrate in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study focuses on reviewing the potential of ferrate in industrial wastewater treatment. Industrial wastewater from circuit boards and electronic production, specifically from metal plating, corrosion, and cleaning processes, contain a high level of heavy metals and very complex organic components with a wide range of pH. Coagulants for wastewater treatment such as Polyaluminium chlorite (PAC) and alum have a neutral pH and low efficiency of treating heavy metal and organic matter, especially with the increasingly strict regulations of discharge standards for industrial wastewater. Iron compounds have many different valences such as +2 (FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2…), +3 (FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3…), +6 (Na2FeO4, K2FeO4, CaFeO4…) which have the ability to oxidize and are strong coagulants in a wide pH range. It is important to optimize application ratio and conditions such as pH point of wastewater, reaction time, stirring speed and catalysts to achieve the desired effects in wastewater treatment using ferrate. This study provides an overview of the chemical properties and preparation methods of ferrate. In addition, this study also evaluates the basic oxidation capacity of ferrate for treating pollution indicators in wastewater.
Keywords: Ferrate, ferrate preparation method, ferrate analysis, ferrate for heavy metal treatment, ferrate for organic matter treatment.
Keywords:
Ferrate, ferrate preparation method, ferrate analysis, ferrate for heavy metal treatment, ferrate for organic matter treatment.
References
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[2] T. Kim, T. K. Kim, K. D. Zoh, Removal Mechanism of Heavy Metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cr) in the Presence of Cyanide During Electrocoagulation Using Fe and Al Electrodes, Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 33, 2020, pp. 101109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101109.
[3] K. Osathaphan, P. Tiyanont, R. A. Yngard, V. K. Sharma, Removal of Cyanide in Ni(II)–Cyanide, Ni(II)–Cyanide–EDTA, and Electroplating Rinse Wastewater by Ferrate (VI), Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 219, 2011, pp. 527-534, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0725-1
[4] L. S. Thakur, M. Parmar, Adsorption of Heavy Metal (Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+) from Synthetic Waste Water by Tea Waste Adsorbent, International Journal of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 6, 2013, pp. 6-19.
[5] M. Kastali, L. Mouhir, M. Chatoui, S. Souabi, A. Anouzla, Removal of Turbidity and Sludge Production from Industrial Process Wastewater Treatment by A Rejection of Steel Rich in FeCl3 (SIWW), Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2021, pp. 13359-13376. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC115.1335913376.
[6] B. J. Yates, R. Zboril, V. K. Sharma, Engineering Aspects of Ferrate in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Vol. 49, No. 14, 2014, pp. 1603-1614.
[7] V. K. Sharma, Potassium Ferrate (VI): An Environmentally Friendly Oxidant, Advances in Environmental Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2002,
pp. 143-156.
[8] G. Samiotis, A. Stimoniaris, I. Ristanis, L. Kemmou, C. Mavromatidou, E. Amanatidou, Application of Metallic Iron and Ferrates in Water and Wastewater Treatmet for Cr (VI) and Organic Contaminants Removal. Resources, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2023, pp. 39, https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030039.
[9] D. Tiwari, Ferrate (VI) A Greener Solution: Synthesis, Characterization, and Multifunctional Use in Treating Metal-Complexed Species in Aqueous Solution, in Ferrites and Ferrates: Chemistry and Applications in Sustainable Energy and Environmental Remediation, American Chemical Society, 2016. pp. 161-220.
[10] S. Dong, Y. Mu, X. Sun, Removal of Toxic Metals Using Ferrate (VI): A Review, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 80, No. 7, 2019, pp. 1213-1225, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.376.
[11] P. K. Rai, J. Lee, S. K. Kailasa, E. E. Kwon, Y. F. Tsang, Y. S. Ok, K. H. Kim, A Critical Review of Ferrate(VI)-Based Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Environmental Research, Vol. 160, 2018, pp. 420-488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.016.
[12] J. Q. Jiang, B. Lloyd, Progress in the Development and Use of Ferrate (VI) Salt as an Oxidant and Coagulant for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 1397-1408.
[13] G. Ndzungu, C. Zvinowanda, J. C. Ngila, Novel Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Calcium Ferrate (VI) in Water Treatment. Applied Water Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2024, pp. 47.
[14] V. K. Sharma, R. Zboril, R. S. Varma, Ferrates: Greener Oxidants with Multimodal Action in Water Treatment Technologies, Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2015, pp. 182-191.
[15] M. Benköová, E. Mališová, P. Peciar, A. Guštafík, J. Híveš, Stability of Ferrate During Long-term Storage, Chimica Slovaca, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2023, pp. 41-46, https://doi.org/10.2478/acs-2023-0004.
[16] J. Q. Jiang, Advances in the Development and Application of Ferrate (VI) for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol. 89, No. 2, 2014, pp. 165-177.
[17] Y. L. Wei, Y. S. Wang, C. H. Liu, Preparation of Potassium Ferrate from Spent Steel Pickling Liquid, Metals, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1770-1787.
[18] L. Delaude, P. Laszlo, A Novel Oxidizing Reagent Based on Potassium Ferrate (VI), the Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 61, No. 18, 1996,
pp. 6360-6370, https://doi.org/10.1021/jo960633p.
[19] A. E. Maghraoui, A. Zerouale, M. Ijjaali, S. Mohamed, Ynthesis and Characterization of Ferrate (VI) Alkali Metal By Wet Method. Int. J. Mod. Eng. Res, Vol. 2, 2012, pp. 4521-4523.
[20] K. Bouzek, L. Flower, I. Roušar, A. A. Wragg, Electrochemical Production of Ferrate (VI) Using Sinusoidal Alternating Current Superimposed on Direct Current, Pure Iron Electrode. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 29, 1999, pp. 569-576.
[21] P. Canizares, M. Arcís, C. Sáez, M. A. Rodrigo, Electrochemical Synthesis of Ferrate Using Boron Doped Diamond Anodes, Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 9, No. 9, 2007, pp. 2286-2290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.06.034.
[22] C. Stanford, J. Q. Jiang, M. Alsheyab, Electrochemical Production of Ferrate (Iron VI): Application to the Wastewater Treatment on a Laboratory Scale and Comparison with Iron (III) Coagulant. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 209, 2010, pp. 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0216-4.
[23] J. Q. Jiang, C. Stanford, A. Mollazeinal, The Application of Ferrate for Sewage Treatment: Pilot-to Full-scale Trials, Global NEST Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012, pp. 93-99.
[24] S. Licht, B. Wang, S. Ghosh, Energetic Iron (VI) Chemistry: The Super-iron Battery, Science,
Vol. 285, No. 5430, 1999, pp. 1039-1042, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5430.1039.
[25] Y. Deng, H. I. A. Shafy, Barriers to Ferrate (VI) Application in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 58, No. 7, 2024, pp. 3057-3060.
[26] V. K. Sharma, Apparatus and Method for Producing Liquid Ferrate, US Patent, 2015.
[27] A. Munyengabe, C. Zvinowanda, Production, Characterization and Application of Ferrate (VI) in Water and Wastewater Treatments, Braz. J. Anal. Chem, Vol. 6, No. 25, 2019, pp. 40-57.
[28] A. V. Karim, S. Krishnan, L. Pisharody, M. Malhotra, C. Bustillo-Lecompte, Application of Ferrate for Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment, Adv. Oxid. Process, Vol. 5, 2020, pp. 79.
[29] P. F. Nguema, M. Jun, Application of Ferrate (VI) as Disinfectant in Drinking Water Treatment Processes: A Review, International Journal of Microbiological Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016,
pp. 53-62, ps://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijmr.2016.53.62.
[30] N. Graham, C. C. Jiang, X. Z. Li, J. Q. Jiang, J. Ma, The Influence of Ph on the Degradation of Phenol and Chlorophenols by Potassium Ferrate. Chemosphere, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2004, pp. 949-956, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.060.
[31] V. K. Sharma, Ferrate(VI) and Ferrate(V) Oxidation of Organic Compounds: Kinetics and Mechanism, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 257, No. 2, 2013, pp. 495-510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.014.
[32] A. Munyengabe, C. Zvinowanda, Production, Characterization and Application of Ferrate(VI) in Water and Wastewater Treatments, Braz. J. Anal, Chem, Vol. 6, No. 25, 2019, pp. 40-57.
[33] J. Yu, Sumita, K. Zhang, Q. Zhu, C. Wu, S. Huang, Y. Zhang, S. Yao, W Pang, A Review of Research Progress in the Preparation and Application of Ferrate(VI), Water Reclamation and Sustainability, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2023, pp. 699,