Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil-crop System (Brassica rapa var. Parachinensis and Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) and Health Risk Assessment
Main Article Content
Abstract
In farmland, especially in the high-quality production region, although smaller quantities of agrochemicals are applied compared to conventional farming, the repeated use of chemical fertilizers and other organic amendments can increase the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soils and plants and raise human health risks for consumers. Our study provides a detailed overview of the status of soils, the soil-crop transfer, and health risks of HMs (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in a vegetable planting region (with the two studied Brassica species: Brassica rapa var. Parachinensis and Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis), in Me Linh commune, Hanoi, Vietnam. Soil contamination assessment indicates a non-HM pollution. However, the total and bioavailable fractions of HMs can exert an impact on HM bioaccumulation tendencies in vegetables. Although low transfer factors and no significant bioaccumulation of HMs in studied vegetables are observed, the high levels of Pb (more than twice as high as the permissible FAO/WHO standards), Cr, and Cd (almost reach the standards of the FAO/WHO) in the vegetables imply potential impact on product quality and human health, especially for children. The calculated Hazard Indexes (HIs) based on total HM contents in vegetables for adults are less than 1, indicating no elevated health risk. Meanwhile, the HM-related health risk assessment indicates potentially adverse health effects (HI = 6.35 for Brassica rapa var. Parachinensis and HI = 7.85 for Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) for children. Total Cr and Pb are the major contributors to the HI in both vegetables. Overall, an understanding of the potential enrichment of HMs in soils and vegetables can contribute to the safe and environmentally sustainable agriculture.
Keywords:
Bioaccumulation, bioavailability, heavy metals, health risk assessment, soil, vegetables.
References
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[4] Y. N. Jolly, A. Islam, S. Akbar, Transfer of Metals from Soil to Vegetables and Possible Health Risk Assessment, SpringerPlus, Vol. 2, 2013, pp. 385-391.
[5] H. Mai, J. L. Maeghtb, V. H. Bui, C. Valentin, Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations and its Potential Eco-Toxic Effects in Soils and Sediments in Dong Cao Catchment, Northern Vietnam, Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2020, pp. 187-204, https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/42/2/15046.
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[7] N. T. H. Pham, I. Babcsányi, A. Farsang, Ecological Risk and Enrichment of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Soil and Eroded Sediment in an Organic Vineyard (Tokaj Nagy Hill, Hungary), Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 44, No. 6, 2021, pp. 1893-1909, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01076-w.
[8] H. Zhou, T. Yang, X. Zhou, L. Liu, F. Gu, L. Wang, L. Zou, T. Tian, Q. Peng, H. Liao, Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Vol. 13, No. 3, 2016, pp. 289, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030289.
[9] A. A. Zunaidi, L. H. Lim, F. Metali, Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation in the Brassica Species (Brassica Chinensis var. Parachinensis and Brassica rapa L.): A Pot Experiment, Heliyon,
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[11] TCVN 8941:2011, Soil Quality - Determination of Total Organic Carbon - Walkley Black Method, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2011.
[12] TCVN 8567:2010, Soil Quality - Method for Determination of Particle Size Distribution, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2010.
[13] M. Carter, E. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, Boca Raton: CRC Press, Chapter 10 - Trace Element Assessment, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420005271.
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[15] Z. Szolnoki, A. Farsang, Evaluation of Metal Mobility and Bioaccessibility in Soils of Urban Vegetable Gardens Using Sequential Extraction, Water Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 224, 2013,
pp. 1737, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1737-4.
[16] R. J. Ballesta, S. Bravo, J. A. Amorós et al., Soil and Leaf Mineral Element Contents in Mediterranean Vineyards: Bioaccumulation and Potential Soil Pollution, Water Air Soil Pollut,
Vol. 233, 2022, pp. 20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05485-6.
[17] T. Milićević, D. Relić, S. Škrivanj, Ž. Tešić, A. Popović, Assessment of Major and Trace Element Bioavailability in Vineyard Soil Applying Different Single Extraction Procedures and Pseudo-Total Digestion, Chemosphere, Vol. 171, 2017, pp. 284-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.090.
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[21] USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, In: Part A, Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment, Vol. III, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 20460.
[22] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), EPA Region III Risk-Based Concentration (RBC) Table 2008 Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 2012,
pp. 19103.
[23] A. Gallo, D. Zannoni, G. Valotto, M. N. Goki, C. Bini, Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements and Soil Environmental Quality Evaluation of a Typical Prosecco Vineyard of the Veneto Region (NE Italy), Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 18, 2018, pp. 3280-3289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-1999-y.
[24] N. T. H. Pham, I. Babcsányi, P. Balling et al., Accumulation Patterns and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Topsoil of Two Sloping Vineyards (Tokaj-Hegyalja, Hungary), Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 22, 2022, pp. 2671-2689, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03252-6.
[25] QCVN 03:2023/BTNMT, National technical regulation on Soil Quality, 2023.
[26] E. Covelo, N. Álvarez, M. A. Couce, F. Vega,
P. Marcet, Zn Adsorption by Different Fractions of Galician Soils, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 280, No. 2, 2004, pp. 343-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.012.
[27] Y. Zhou, S. Sherpa, M. B. McBride, Pb and Cd Chemisorption by Acid Mineral Soils with Variable Mn and Organic Matter Contents, Geoderma, Vol. 368, 2020, pp. 114274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114274.
[28] K., Nemati, N. K. A. Bakar, M. R. Abas, E. Sobhanzadeh, Speciation of Heavy Metals by Modified BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure in Different Depths of Sediments from Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 192, No. 1, 2011, pp. 402-410.
[29] E. Mensah, N. K. Baffour, E. Ofori, G. Obeng, Influence of Human Activities and Land Use on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Irrigated Vegetables in Ghana and Their Health Implications, In: Yanful, E. K. (eds) Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9139-1_2.
[30] Z. Huang, X. Pan, P. Wu, J. Han, Q. Chen, Heavy Metals in Vegetables and the Health Risk to Population in Zhejiang, China, Food Control,
Vol. 36, No. 1, 2014, pp. 248-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.036.
[31] S. Adhikari, M. Struwig, Concentrations and Health Risks of Selected Elements in Leafy Vegetables: A Comparison Between Roadside Open-air Markets and Large Stores in Johannesburg, South Africa, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol 196, No. 2, 2024, pp. 170,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12283-6.