Evaluation of the Capacity and the Effectiveness of Covering in Preventing Thoron Exhalation from Earthen Dwelling Materials
Main Article Content
Abstract
High indoor thoron (Rn-220) concentrations have been recorded in earthen dwellings in Northern Vietnam, posing potential health risks to residents. No specific medical studies on the health effects of radon gas and its isotopes in indoor environments have been investigated in Vietnam. This study aims to evaluate the capacity and effectiveness of selected surface covering in reducing thoron exhalation from earthen dwelling materials. Earthen walls were simulated using soil bricks made from local construction soil collected in Yen Minh District, with similar geotechnical properties to traditional earth walls. Covering materials were selected based on their availability and affordability. Thoron exhalation rates were determined experimentally by measuring thoron concentration in an accumulation chamber using the SARAD® RTM 2200 device at two time points: immediately after production and after 18 months of natural exposure. Results indicate that all tested covering materials reduced thoron release to varying degrees. However, the effectiveness of certain materials significantly declined over time, with some losing nearly all barrier function. Among the materials examined, paints and asphalt coatings provided the highest and most stable performance. Wrapping paper combined with common adhesive was identified as a practical, low-cost solution suitable for the socio-economic conditions of earthen dwelling residents.
Keywords:
Thoron, exhalation, covering materials, soil bricks.
References
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Vol. 49, 2013, pp. 448-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.059.
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Vol. 257, 2020, pp. 127-119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127119.
[14] G. D. With, P. D. Jong, CFD Modelling of Thoron and Thoron Progeny in the Indoor Environment, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 145, 2011, pp. 138-144, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr056.
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pp. 107471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107471.
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pp. 629241, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.629241.
[18] P. Tuccimei, M. Moroni, D. Norcia, Simultaneous Determination of 222Rn and 220rn Exhalation Rates from Building Materials Used in Central Italy with Accumulation Chambers and A Continuous Solid State Alpha Detector: Influence of Particle Size, Humidity And Precursors Concentration, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2006, pp. 254-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.07.016.
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[20] S. D. Kanse, B. K. Sahoo, B. K. Sapra, J. J. Gawarea, Y. S. Mayya, Powder Sandwich Technique: A Novel Method for Determining the Thoron Emanation Potential of Powders Bearing High 224Ra Content, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 48, 2013, pp. 82-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.10.014.
[21] A. C. Syuryavin, S. Park, M. M. Nirwono, S. H. Lee, Indoor Radon and Thoron from Building Materials: Analysis of Humidity, Air Exchange Rate, and Dose Assessment, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 52, Iss. 10, 2020, pp. 2370-2378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.03.013.
[22] G. D. With, P. D. Jong, A. Rottger, Measurement of Thoron Exhalation Rates from Building Materials, Health Physics, Vol. 107, No. 3, 2014, pp. 206-212, https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000105.
[23] G. D. With, T. Kovács, A. Csordás, J. Tschiersch, J. Yang, S.W. Sadler, O. Meisenberg, Intercomparison on the Measurement of the Thoron Exhalation Rate from Building Materials, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 228, 2021, pp. 106510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106510.
[24] N. M. Hassan, M. Hosoda, T. Ishikawa, A. Sorimachi, S. K. Sahoo, S. Tokonami et al., Radon Migration Process and its Influence Factors; Review, Japanese Journal of Health Physics,
Vol. 44, 2009, pp. 218-231, https://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.44.218.
[25] A. Sakoda, Y. Ishimori, K. Yamaoka, A Comprehensive Review of Radon Emanation Measurements for Mineral, Rock, Soil, Mill Tailing and Fly Ash, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 69, 2011, pp. 1422-1435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.06.009.
[26] A. Sakoda, Y. Ishimori, K. Hanamoto, T. Kataoka, A. Kawabe, K. Yamaoka, Experimental and Modeling Studies of Grain Size and Moisture Content Effects on Radon Emanation, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 45, 2010, pp. 204-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.01.010.
[27] S. Richford, Permeance – can Walls Dry Through Palstered Surface? Technician’s Advisory (British Damage Management Association-BDMA),
Vol. 18, No. 2, 2017, https://bdma.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Permeance–Drying-through-plaster-TA18-2.pdf (accessed on: September 1st, 2025).