The Effect of Fertilizer use on Nitrate and Metal Content in Dong Du Mustard Green (Brassica campestris L.)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fertilizers are widely used in farming, contributing to improving crop productivity and quality. However, the uncontrolled use of fertilizers in vegetable production may cause consequences on the environment, crops, and human health. This study evaluated the effects of fertilizer use on nitrate and metal content in Dong Du mustard green (Brassica campestris L.). The effects of fertilizers were analyzed for different fertilizer types, nitrogen content, quantity, and fertilization regime on the field scale in Me Linh, Hanoi. Nitrate content in Brassica campestris
L. ranged from 47 to 344 mg/kg when applying the studied fertilizer formulas, which was lower than the limits in Decision 99/2008 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for plants of the same family Brassicaceae and the average limit from Circular 68/2010 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for on food safety limits. The Cd and Pb contents fluctuated at 0.05-0.13 mg/kg and 0.99–3.26 mg/kg in this vegetable, respectively, which were both higher than the limits prescribed by safe vegetable standards (according to CODEX STAN 193-1995). The study demonstrated the level of safety of the studied fertilizer formulas in the production of Dong Du mustard green in term of nitrate accumulation.
Keywords:
nitrate, mustard green, fertilizer use, chicken feather waste, metal.
References
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H. Soleimani, T. Massahi, E. Ahmadif, Accumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate in Vegetables Irrigated with Different Irrigation Water Sources- transfer Evaluation of Nitrate from Soil to Vegetables, Environmental Research, Vol. 205, 2022, pp. 112527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112527.
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[10] P. K. Rai, S. S. Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tsang, K. H. Kim, Heavy Metals in Food Crops: Health Risks, Fate, Mechanisms, and Management, Environment International, Vol. 125, 2019, pp. 365-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067.
[11] S. S. Zinia, K. H. Yang, E. J. Lee, M. N. Lim,
J. Kim, W. J. Kim, C. Park, H. J. Kim, Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure During Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes, Scientific Report, Vol. 13, 2023,
pp. 18990,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46271-0.
[12] J. A. Jorgensen, C. Choo-Kang, L. Wang, L. Issa, J. A. Gilbert, E. M. Gertrude, A. Luke, K. Bedu-Addo, T. Forrester, P, Bovet, E. V. Lambert,
D. Rae, M. Argos, T. N. Kelly, R. M. Sargis, L. R. Dugas, Y. Dai, B. T. Layden, Toxic Metals Impact Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Risk in Five African-origin Populations, Gut Microbes Reports, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2025, pp. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1080/29933935.2025.2481442.
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[15] N. Rahim, A. Noor, A. Kanwal, M. M. Tahir,
A. Yaqub, Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Leafy Vegetables: Implications for Public Health and Regulatory Measures, Environ. Monit. Assess., Vol. 196, 2024, pp. 684, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12855-0.
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K. Stawarczyk, Sources of Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Their Accumulation in Vegetables: A Review, Water Air Soil Pollut., Vol. 230, 2029,
pp. 164-173,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y.
[18] M. I. Atta, S. S. Zehra, D. Q. Dai, H. Ali,
K. Naveed, I. Ali, M. Sarwar, B. Ali, R. Iqbal,
S. Bawazeer, U. K. A. Hameed, I. Ali, Amassing of Heavy Metals in Soils, Vegetables and Crop Plant Irrigated with Wastewater: Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dera Ghazi khan, Punjab, Pakistan, Front. Plant Sci., Vol. 13, 2023, pp. 1080635,
https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080635.
[19] E. O. Mendoza, V. Camel, L. Yallico, V. Q. Coquil, R. Cosme, Effect of Fertilization on the Accumulation and Health Risk for Heavy Metals in Native Andean Potatoes in the Highlands of Perú, Toxicology Reports, Vol. 12, 2024, pp. 594-606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.05.006.
[20] O. Zayed, O. A. Hewedy, A. Abdelmoteleb,
M. Ali, M. F. Youssef, A. F. Roumia, Z. C. Yuan, Nitrogen Journey in Plants: from Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction, Biomolecules, Vol. 13, No. 10, 2023, pp. 1443,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ BIOM13101443.
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[22] G. Colla, H. J. Kim, M. C. Kyriacou, Y. Rouphael, Nitrate in Fruits and Vegetables, Sci. Hortic.,
Vol. 237, 2018, pp. 221-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.016.
[23] F. Branca, E. Cartea, Brassica, In: Kole C. (ed.), Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, Oilseeds, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, pp. 17-36, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-642-14871-2_2.
[24] M. Jalali, A. Meyari, Heavy Metal Contents, Soil-to-plant Transfer Factors, and Associated Health Risks in Vegetables Grown in Western Iran, J. Food Compos. Anal., Vol. 106, 2022, pp. 104316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104316.
[25] B. Yargholi, A. A. Azimi, A. Baghvand, A. M. Liaghat, G. A. Fardi, Investigation of Cadmium Absorption and Accumulation in Different Parts of Some Vegetables, Am. J. Agric. Environ. Sci.,
Vol. 3, 2008, pp. 357-364.
[26] D. C. Cuch, A. A. Niklas, L. D. Olesen, H. Amlund, J. J. Sloth, Nitrite, Nitrate and N-nitrosamine Occurrence in Processed Nitrate Accumulating Vegetables Stored under Different Conditions, Food Chemistry, Vol. 493, 2025,
pp. 145631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145631.
[27] J. R. Caicedo, N. P. V. Steen, O. Arce, H. J Gijzen, Effect of Total Ammonia Nitrogen Concentration and pH on Growth Rate of Duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), Water Res., Vol. 34, No. 15, 2000,
pp. 3829-3835, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00128-7.
[28] H. Frick, A. Oberson, E. Frossard, E. K. Bünemann, Leached Nitrate Under Fertilised Loamy Soil Originates Mainly from Mineralisation of Soil Organic N, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Vol. 338, 2022, pp. 108093, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108093.
[29] K. Kano, H. Kitazawa, K. Suzuki, A. Widiastuti, H. Odani, S. Zhou, Y. D. Chinta, Y. Eguchi,
M. Shinohara, T. Sato, Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Bok Choy Growth and Quality in Hydroponic Cultures, Agronomy, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, pp. 491, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030491.
[30] Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Li, C. Li,
X. Wang, Effects of the Application of Organic Fertilizers on the Yield, Quality, and Soil Properties of Open-Field Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa spp. pekinensis) in China: A Meta-Analysis, Agronomy, Vol. 14, No. 11, 2024,
pp. 2555, https://doi.or/10.3390/agronomy14112555.
[31] H. Cao, J. Chen, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Qiao,
Y. Men, Heavy Metals in Rice and Garden Vegetables and Their Potential Health Risks to Inhabitants in the Vicinity of an Industrial Zone in Jiangsu, China, J. Environ. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1792-1799,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1.
[32] K. Sharafi, A. K. Omer, B. Mansouri, T. Massahi, H. Soleimani, M. Moradi, K. Parnoon,
G. Ebrahimzadeh, Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Vegetables: A Comparative Assessment of Different Irrigation Water Sources, Heliyon,
Vol. 10, 2024, pp. 32575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32575.