Characteristics of Airborne Suspended Dust in Hanoi City Using the SEM and PIXE Methods
Main Article Content
Abstract
Air pollution has become a pressing global concern due to its multifaceted impacts on the economy, society, and the environment. This study provides an in-depth investigation into the physicochemical pollution levels of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) in inner-city and suburban areas of Hanoi, during both the dry and rainy seasons. TSP samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler. The morphology and particle size distribution of the TSP samples were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with ImageJ software. The TSP samples were subsequently analyzed for major elements using the Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method with a dedicated setup on a Pelletron 5SDH-2 accelerator system. The results show that TSP concentrations in the urban area (79.7 - 165.5 mg/m3) were higher than in the suburban area (52.2 - 162.2 mg/m3), and their concentrations in the dry season (60.8 - 165.5 μg/m³) were higher and exhibited greater fluctuation than in the rainy season (52.0 - 124.8 μg/m³). Coarse particles (PM10) constituted the majority (>85%) of the TSP. The concentrations of 17 major elements detected in the TSP samples via PIXE were arranged in the following order: Si > Ca > S > Al > Na > K > Cl > Fe > Mg > Zn > P > Ti > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni.
Keywords:
Physico-chemical properties, PIXE, TSP, Hanoi.
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pp. 118872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118872.
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Z. Török, Á. Csepregi, E. Furu, Z. Kertesz, Investigation of Aerosol Pollution Inside Trams in Debrecen, Hungary, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 477, 2020, pp. 138-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.09.054.
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X-Ray Emission, Vietnam Conference on Nuclear Science and Technology VINANST-14, Agenda and Abstracts, 2021, pp. 9.
[10] R. Traversi, S. Becagli, G. Calzolai, M. Chiari,
M. Giannoni, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, F. Rugi,
M. Severi, R. Udisti, A Comparison Between PIXE and ICP-AES Measurements of Metals in Aerosol Particulate Collected in Urban and Marine Sites in Italy, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 318, 2014, pp. 130-134, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2013.05.102.
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https//doi.org/10.25073/2588-1124/vnumap.4623.
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[16] N. T. Tuan, L. H. Anh, B. D. Linh, N. D. Thang,
N. T. T. Ly, N.T. Thu, V. T. Hieu, Characterizing Aerosol Particulate Matter in Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province: Mass Concentration Levels, Ratios, and Long-Range Transport by HYSPLIT Model, Journal and Tropical Science and Engineering, Vol. 39, 2025, pp. 2-13, https://doi.org/10.58334/vrtc.jtst.n39.745.
[17] M. Inerb, W. Phairuang, P. Paluang, M. Hata,
M. Furuuchi, P. Wangpakapattanawong, Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources, Atmosphere, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2022, pp. 626, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040626.
[18] R. Jangirh, S. Ahlawat, R. Arya, A. Mondal,
L. Yadav, G. Kotnala, P. Yadav, N. Choudhary,
M. Rani, R. Banoo, Gridded Distribution of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) and Their Chemical Characterization Over Delhi During Winter, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 29, 2022, pp. 17892-17918, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16572-w.
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Vol. 26, No. S2, 2020, pp. 2202-2204, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927620020796.