Effects of Heavy Metal Accumulation on the Variation of Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) Activity in some Economic Fishes in Nhue-Day River Basin
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metal accumulation on the variation of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in some fishes (Cyprinus carpio L, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Oreochromis niloticus) in Nhue-Day river basin. Samples for analysis were taken four times from September 2012 to July 2013. The heavy metals were deposited mostly in kidney and liver of all studied fishes by the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Their accumulated patterns in tissues are ranked as: liver >>1 kidney > gill for Cu; accumulation patterns are similar for Zn, Pb and Cd, accumulated more in kidneys than in liver and gills but at the different extents: kidney > liver ≥ gills for Zn; kidney >> liver > gills for Pb, and kidney > liver >> gills for Cd. GSTs activities in tissues of common carp, silver carp and tilapia were in the following order: liver > kidney > gill. Effects of heavy metal bioaccumulation to the variation of GSTs activity in fish tissues are reflected by the correlations between heavy metal bioaccumulation in fish tissues and GSTs activities observed in respective tissues. In general, metal accumulation in fish tissues showed that Nhue-Day river water was polluted with heavy metals and this influences physiological health of fishes which are reflected by the changes of GSTs in fish tissues. The results of this research help to establish background data for management of aquaculture practices and environmental protection of Nhue-Day river basin.
Keywords: Nhue-Day river basin, heavy metals, GSTs activity, common carp, silver carp, tilapia.References
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[26] Napierska D. and Podolska M. (2008). "Relationship between biomarker responses and contaminant concentration in selected tissues of flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the Polish coastal rea of the Baltic Sea." Oceanologia 50(3): 421-442.
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[28] Lenártová V., Holovská K. and Javorský P. "The influence of environmental pollution on the SOD and GST-isoenzyme patterns." Water Science & Technology 42(1-2) (2000) 209.
[2] Ngo H. T. T., Gerstmann, S., Frank H. (2011a), “Subchronic effects of environment like cadmium levels on the bivalve Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus 1758): II. Effects onenergy reserves in relation to calcium metabolism”, Toxicol. Environ Chem, 93(9): 1802-1814.
[3] Ngo H. T. T., Gerstmann S and Frank H (2011b). "Subchronic effects of environment-like cadmium levels on the bivalve Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus 1758): II. Effects on carbonic anhydrase activity in relation to calcium metabolism." Toxicological and environmental chemistry 93(9): 1802-1814.
[4] Ngo H.T.T., Gerstmann, S., Frank H. (2011c), “Subchronic effects of environment-like cadmium levels on the bivalve Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus 1758): III. Effects on carbonic anhydrase activity in relation to calcium metabolism”, Toxicol. Environ Chem, 93(9): 1815-1825.
[5] Khayatzadeh J and Abbasi E (2010). The effects of heavy metals on aquatic animals. In The 1st International Applied Geological Congress, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University–Mashad Branch, Iran 1: 26-28.
[6] Moiseenko TI, Gashkina N, Sharova LP and Kudryavtseva L (2008). "Ecotoxicologial assessment of water quality and ecosystem health: A case study of the Volga River." Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf 71: 837-870.
[7] Health A G (1987). Water pollution and fish physiology. Florida, USA, CRC press.
[8] Habig W. H., Pabst M. J. and Jakoby W. B. (1974). "Glutathione S transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation." The Journal of biological chemistry 249:
7130-7139.
[9] Linde, A.R., S. Sanchez-Galan, J.I. Izquierdo, P. Arribas, E. Maranon, and E. Garcya-Vazquez. (1998). “Brown Trout as Biomonitor of Metal Pollution: Effect of Age on the Reliability of the Assessment.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 40: 120–125.
[10] Canli, M., and G. Atli. 2003. “The Relationships Between Metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) Levels and the Size of Six Mediterranean Fish Species.” Environmental Pollution 121 (1): 129-136.
[11] Bury, N.R., Walker, P. A., Glover, C. N., (2003), "Nutritive metal uptake in teleost fish", Journal of Experimental Biology, 206: 11 - 23.
[12] Jaffar J. and Pervaiz S. (1989). "Investigation of multiorgan heavy trace metal cotent of meat of selected dairy, poultry, fowl and fish species." Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 32: 175-177.
[13] Farombi E. O., Adelowo O. A. and Ajimoko Y. R. (2007). "Biomarkers of oxidative stress and heavy metals levels as indicators of environmental pollution in African catfish (Clarious garieptinus) from Ogun river." International journal of Environmental research and Public health 4(2): 158-165.
[14] Stone D., Jepson P. and Laskowski R. (2002). Trends in detoxification enzymes and heavy metal accumulation in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inhabiting a gradient of pollution. Camparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C. 132: 105-112
[15] Zawisza-Raszka A., Slupik G., Laszczyca P. and Kafel A. (2010). The level of heavy metals, glutathione and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in Organs of Cepaea nemoralis (helicidae) from polluted areas near Olkusz, Poland. The 15th International Conference on Heavy metals in the Environment, Gdansk, Poland
[16] Mani R., Meena B., Valivittan K. and Suresh A. (2014). "Glutathione-S-transferase and Catalase activity in different tissues of marine catfish Arius arius on exposure to cadmium." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences 6(1): 326-332.
[17] Romeo M., Mathieu A., Gnassia-Barelli M., Romana A. and Lafaurie M. (1994). "Heavy metal content and biotransformation enzymes in two fish species from the NW Mediterranean." Marine ecology Progress series 107: 15-22.
[18] Vinodhini, R., & Narayanan, M. (2009). "Biochemical changes of antioxidant enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after heavy metal exposure." Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal sciences 33(4): 273-278.
[19] Saliu Joseph K. and Bawa-allah Kafilat A. (2012). "Toxicological Effects of Lead and Zinc on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Post Juvenile Clarias gariepinus." Resources and Environment 2(1): 21-26.
[20] Muposhi V. K., Utete B., Sethole-Niang I. and Mukangenyama S. (2015). "Active biomonitoring of a subtropical river using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and heat shock proteins (HSP 70) in Oreochromis niloticus as surrogate biomarkers of metal contamination." Water SA 41(3): 425-431.
[21] Liu H., Wang X. R., Wang W. M. and Shen H. (2005). "Effects of long-term exposure of low level zinc and zn-EDTA complex on zinc accumulation and antioxidant defense system in liver of Carassius auratus." Chinese Journal of Environmental science 26(1): 173-176.
[22] Wu Yn-Ping, Feng Ling, Jiang Wei-dAn, Liu Yang, Jiang Yun, Li Shu-Hong, Tang KLing, Kuang Sheng-Yao and Zhou Siao-Qui (2014). "Influence of dietary zinc on muscle composition, flesh quality and muscle antioxidant status of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.)." Aquaculture research 46(10): 2360-2373.
[23] Crupkin A. C. and Menone M. L. (2012). "Changes in the activities of glutathione-S-transferases, glutathione reductase and catalase after exposure to different concentrations of cadmium in Australoheros facetus (Cichlidae, Pisces)." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination 8(1): 21-25.
[24] Nimmo I. A (1987). "The glutathione-S-transferase of fish." Fish physiology and Biochemistry 3: 163-172.
[25] Awoyemi Olushola M., Bawa-Allah Kafilat A. and Otitoloju Adebayo A. (2014). "Accumulation and Anti-oxidant Enzymes as Biomarkers of Heavy Metal Exposure in Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus." Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2(5): 114-122.
[26] Napierska D. and Podolska M. (2008). "Relationship between biomarker responses and contaminant concentration in selected tissues of flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the Polish coastal rea of the Baltic Sea." Oceanologia 50(3): 421-442.
[27] Korashy H. M. and El-Kadi A. O. S. (2006). "he role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the reactive oxygen species in the modulation of glutathione transferase by heavy metals in murine hepatoma cell lines." Chemico-Biological Interactions 162(3): 237-248.
[28] Lenártová V., Holovská K. and Javorský P. "The influence of environmental pollution on the SOD and GST-isoenzyme patterns." Water Science & Technology 42(1-2) (2000) 209.