Contamination Status and Emission Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Settled Dust from End-of-life Vehicle Processing and Urban Areas, Northern Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including 43 congeners of 10 homologs were determined in settled dust samples collected from urban houses and end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing workshops in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total 43 PCBs (ΣPCBs), 7 indicator PCBs (IN-PCBs), and 12 dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) in the ELV workshop dusts were significantly higher than those measured in the urban house dusts, suggesting ELV processing activities as potential sources of PCBs. However, concentrations of PCB-11 (3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl) in the urban house dusts (mean 4.5; range 1.2–8.7 ng/g) were markedly higher than levels found in the ELV workshop dusts (1.6; 0.46–5.4 ng/g). PCB-11 is a novel congener because it is only a trace component of technical PCB mixtures but identified as a major impurity of many organic pigments, especially diarylide yellow pigments. PCB patterns of the ELV workshop dusts were dominated by penta- and hexa-PCBs with major congeners as PCB-118, -138, -153, -110, and -101, which were also principal components of technical formulations such as Aroclor 1254, Kanechlor 500, and Sovol. Meanwhile, PCB-11 served as the most predominant congener detected in the urban house dusts, implying current emissions from paints and pigmented products; however, this point should be confirmed by further studies on the occurrence of PCBs in Vietnamese commercial products. Apart from PCB-11, the urban house dusts also contained elevated proportions of penta- and hexa-PCBs, suggesting residues from electrical equipment application in the past. Our results indicate that even though PCBs are legacy and banned chemicals, their presence has been observed in indoor environments due to their persistent nature and novel emission sources. Further studies on the occurrence and emission behavior of these pollutants should be conducted, including not only congeners in technical mixtures but also unintentionally produced compounds.
Keywords:
PCBs, PCB-11, settled dust, end-of-life vehicle, urban area, Vietnam.
References
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[6] N.M. Tue, S. Takahashi, G. Suzuki, T. Isobe, P.H. Viet, Y. Kobara, N. Seike, G. Zhang, A. Sudaryanto, S. Tanabe. Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites. Environment International 51 (2013) 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint. 2012.11.006.
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[9] H.Q. Anh, I. Watanabe, N.M. Tue, L.H. Tuyen, P.H. Viet, N.K. Chi, T.B. Minh, S. Takahashi. Polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling for simultaneous determination of POP- and PAH-related compounds: a case study in informal waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam. Chemosphere 247 (2020) 125991. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125991.
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[13] K. Vorkamp. An overlooked environmental issue? A review of the inadvertent formation of PCB-11 and other PCB congeners and their occurrence in consumer products and in the environment. Science of the Total Environment 541 (2016) 1463-1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2015.10.019.
[14] X. Wang, A.P.W. Banks, C. He, D.S. Drage, C.L. Gallen, Y. Li, Q. Li, P.K. Thai, J.F. Mueller. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and lecagy and current pesticides in indoor environment in Australia – occurrence, sources and exposure risks. Science of the Total Environment 693 (2019) 133588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133588.
[15] T. Takasuga, K. Senthilkumar, T. Matsumura, K. Shiozaki, S. Sakai. Isotope dilution analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil and global commercial PCB formulations by high resolution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 62 (2006) 469-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2005.04.034.
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[17] M.T.N. Pham, H.Q. Anh, X.T. Nghiem, B.M. Tu, T.N. Dao, M.H. Nguyen. Characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in flue gas from thermal industrial processes in Vietnam: a comprehensive investigation on emission profiles and levels. Chemosphere 225 (2019) 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.024.
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