Distribution and Toxic Equipvalent Assessement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Particulate Matter Emmited from Rice Straw Open Field Burning in Hanoi
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of PAHs content in particulate matter emitted from the open burning of rice straw in Hanoi. Fine particles (PM2.5) was collected using a MiniVol TAS device and the total suspended particles (TSP) was collected using a high-volume sampler Staplex. PAHs in particulate matter were analyzed by HPLC-FL with fluorescent detector. The results showed that 4-ring PAHs was dominant in particles emitted from rice straw burning, especially the most abundant PAHs was Flu: 57.8 37.1 and 64.8 34.9 µg/g in PM2.5 and TSP, respectively. However, the accumulation of PAHs with a higher rings number, especially the percentage of BaP in total 9PAHs in PM2.5 emitted from rice straw open burning was 2 times higher than that in the background samples, while the ratio of BaP in total 9PAHs in TSP from burning smoke is smaller than that of background samples. The carcinogenic potential of fine particles emitted from rice straw open burning calculated by BaPeq are 20 times higher than that of the background sample. Although the concentration of atmospheric particles - bound BaP in the present study (1.0 0.8 ng/m3) is lower than that in urban and traffic areas, the average value of BaP is still 8.7 times higher than the value recommended by the WHO. The results of this study show a picture of the toxic levels of atmospheric particles and particles emitted from rice straw open burning, providing clearer evidence to understand the adverse effects of rice straw open burning on atmospheric environment and health effect.
Keywords:
Rice Straw Open Burning, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs), Fine Particles (PM2.5), Total Suspended Particles (TSP), Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF)
References
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[2] E. Sanchis, M. Ferrer, S. Calvet, C. Coscoll, V. Yus, M. Cambra, Gaseous and Particulate Emission Profiles during Controlled Rice Straw Burning, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 98, 2014, pp. 25-31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.062.
[3] T. K. O. Nguyen, B. T. Ly, D. Tipayarom, B. R. Manandhar, P. Prapat, C. D. Simpson, L. J. S. Liu, Characterization of Particulate Matter Emission from Open Burning of Rice Straw, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 45, 2011, pp. 493-502.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.023.
[4] T. K. O. Nguyen, A. Tipayaroma, B. T. Ly, D. Tipayaroma, C. D. Simpson, D. Hardie, L. J. S. Liu, Characterization of Gaseous and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Field Burning of Rice Straw, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 119, 2015, pp. 182-191.
[5] C. T. Pham, Y. Boongla, T. D. Nghiem, H. T. Le, N. Tang, A. Toriba, K. Hayakawa, Emission Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Open Burning of Rice Straw in the North of Vietnam, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 13, 2019, pp. 2343.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132343
[6] W. F. Rogge, L. M. Hildemann, M. A. Mazurek, G. R. Cass, B. R. Simo, Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and Catalyst-Equipped Automobiles and Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, 1993, pp. 636-651.
[7] USEPA Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environmental Protection Agency Publishing House, 1993.
[8] European Environment Agency, Annual Mean Bap Concentrations in 2018, Annual Mean BaP Concentrations in 2018, Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/annual-mean-bap- concentrations-in-4 (accessed on 12 February 2021).
[9] International Agency for Research on Cancer, Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Non-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposuresitle. In IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 2010.
[10] H. Keshtkar, L. L. Ashbaugh, Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Particulate Emission Factors from Agricultural Burning. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 41, 2007, pp. 2729-2739.
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.043.
[11] T. Korenaga, X. Liu, Z. Huang, The Influence of Moisture Content on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emission During Rice Straw Burning, Chemosph - Glob. Chang. Sci., Vol. 3, 2001, pp. 117-122.
H. Lu, L. Zhu, N. Zhu, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission from Straw Burning and the Influence of Combustion Parameters, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 43, No. 4, 2009, pp. 978-983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.101
6/j.atmosenv.2008.10.022
[12] N. M. Dung, Estimated Gas Emission from Rice Straw Open Buring in Field at Red River Delta area, J. Sci. Dev., Vol. 10, 2012, 190 -198.
[13] K. Lasko, K. Vadrevu, Improved Rice Residue Burning Emissions Estimates: Accounting for Practice Specific Emission Factors in Air Pollution Assessments, Environ. Pollut., Vol. 236, 2018, pp. 795-806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.098
[14] L. H. Tuyen, N. M. Tue, G. Suzuki, K. Misaki, P. H. Viet, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediated Activities in Road Dust from a Metropolitan Area, Hanoi, Vietnam: Contribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Human Risk Assessment, Sci. Total Environ, Vol. 491, 2014, pp. 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014. 01.086.
[15] T. T. Hien, L. T. Thanh, T. Kameda, N. Takenaka, H. Bandow, Distribution Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Particle Size in Urban Aerosols at the Roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 41, 2007, pp. 1575-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.10.045.
[16] C. T. Pham, T. Kameda, A. Toriba, N. Tang, K. Hayakawa, Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hanoi-Vietnam, as a Typical Motorbike city, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2012, pp. 296-312.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2012.679015
[17] T. T. Hien, H. V. An, Size Distribution and Resources of PAHs in Atmospheric Particulate Matters in Ho Chi Minh city, Journal of Science & Technology Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2013, 18-26. (in Vietnamese)
[18] H. Q. Anh, S. Takahashi, D. T. Thao, N. H. Thai, P. T. Khiet, N. T. Q. Hoa, L. T. P. Quynh, L. N. Da, T. B. Minh, T. M. Tri, Analysis and Evaluation of Contamination Status of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Settled House and Road Dust Samples from Hanoi. VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2019, 63-71, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4943. (in Vietnamese)
[19] Y. Boongla, W. Orakij, Y. Nagaoka, N. Tang, K. Hayakawa, A. Toriba, Simultaneous Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Nitro-Derivatives in Airborne Particulates by Using Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with on-Line Reduction and Fluorescence Detection. Asian J. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 11, 2017, pp. 283-299.
[20] B. F. Pitt, J. N. Pitts, Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications, Academic Press, London, 2000, pp. 438 – 439.
[21] I. C. T. Nisbet, P. K. LaGoy, Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 16, 1992, pp. 290- 300.
[22] WHO, WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants (2010). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
[23] https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/128169/e94535.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2021).