Chemical Speciation, Risk Assessment and Pollution Level of Lead Metals in Road Dust of some Industry Zones and Urban Areas in Northern Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study analyzed the chemical speciation of Pb metal in road dust samples from six provinces in northern Vietnam. Samples were extracted according to Tesser's sequential extraction procedure [22] and measured by the ICP/MS method, with the total recovery of Pb ranged from 90.9% to 107%. The analysis results showed that Pb existed mainly in the form of residual fraction F5 (38.6%) > organic fraction (29.0%), > Fe/Mn oxide fraction (19.2%) > exchange fraction, and carbonate fraction (5.00% and 8.32%, respectively). The pollution indices such as geological accumulation index (Igeo), individual contamination factor (ICF), and risk assessment index (RAC%) were utilized to evaluate pollution levels. The values of Igeo of Pb in samples ranged from 1.80 to 2.65, with a mean value of 2.24. The value of ICF varied from 0.60 to 2.87, with a mean value of 2.04. The values of RAC ranged from 4.47% to 23.2%, with a mean value of 13.3%. In general, the concentration of Pb in most of the studied samples in the six provinces were classified as low pollution and risk levels according to Igeo, ICF and RAC. However, in some provinces which have many industries producing electronic components, steel ore, and densely populated urban areas, the pollution level of Pb was from moderate to large, potentially affecting the environment of the studied areas.
Keywords:
Chemical speciation, geological accumulation index, individual contamination factor, risk assessment index.
References
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[4] G. Yıldırım, S. Tokalıoğlu, Heavy Metal Speciation in Various Grain Sizes of Industrially Contaminated Street Dust using Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 124, 2016, pp. 369-376.
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[6] C. Men, R. Liu, F. Xu, Q. Wang, L. Guo, Z. Shen, Pollution Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Road Dust in Beijing, China, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 612, 2018, pp. 138-147.
[7] D. T. Cuong, J. P. Obbard, Metal Speciation in Coastal Marine Sediments from Singapore using Amodified BCR-sequential Extraction Procedure, Appl, Geo-chem, Vol. 21, 2006, pp. 1335-1346.
[8] V. D. Loi, N. T. Van, T. H. Quan, D. V. Thuan, P. T. T. Ha. Analysis of some Heavy Metals in Sediments of Tri An Lake, Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2015, pp. 161-172 (in Vietnamese).
[9] M. T. Guillén, J. Delgado, S. Albanese, J. M. Nieto, A. Lima, B. D. Vivo, Heavy Metals Fractionation and Multivariat Estatistical Techniques to Evaluate the Environmental Risk in Soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula), J. Geochem, Explor, 2012, pp. 32-43, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.06.009.
[10] A. D. K. Banerjee, Heavy Metal Levels and Solid Phase Speciation in Street Dusts of Delhi, India, Environ, Pollut, Vol. 123, 2003, pp. 95-105.
[11] B. Keshavarzi, Z. Tazarvi, M. A. Rajabzadeh, A. Najmeddin, Chemical Speciation, Human Health Risk Assessment and Pollution Level of Selected Heavy Metals in Urban Street Dust of Shiraz, Iran, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 119, 2015, pp. 1-10.
[12] G. Yıldırım, S. Tokalıoğlu, Heavy Metal Speciation in Various Grain Sizes of Industrially Contaminated Street Dust using Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 124, 2016, pp. 369-376,
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.006.
[13] P. T. T. Ha, V. D. Loi, Analysis of Copper and Zinc Metal Forms in Columnar Sediments in Cau River Basin - Thai Nguyen Province, Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2015, pp. 152-160 (in Vietnamese).
[14] P. T. T. Ha, V. D. Loi, Analysis of Lead Metal Form in Columnar Sediments in Cau River Basin - Thai Nguyen Province, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 53, No. 6A, 2015, pp. 209-219 (in Vietnamese).
[15] H. T. Q. Dieu, N. V. Hop, N. H. Phong, Bioaccumulation of Copper and Lead by Clams (Meretrix Lyrata): A Case Study of Clams Obtained From Farming Areas in the Tien River Mouth, Tien Giang Province, Journal of Science - Natural Sciences, Hue University, Vol. 126, No. 1A, 2017, pp. 31-40 (in Vietnamese).
[16] P. K. Phuong et al., Studying the Effects of Heavy Metal Concentrations (Cd, Bb, As) on the Accumulation and Excretion of Clams, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2008, pp. 89-95.
[17] A. Tessier, P. G. C. Campbell, M. Bisson, Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 7, 1979, pp. 844-851.
[18] M. Nordberg, G. F. Nordberg, B. A. Fowler, L. Friberg, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Ed. 3rd, Elsevier Science, 2011, pp. 529-546.
[19] A. Ikem, N. O. Egiebor, K. Nyavor, Trace Elements in Water Fish and Sediment from Tuskegee Lake, Southeastern USA, Water Air Soil Pollut, Vol. 149, 2003, pp. 51-75.
[20] H. Li, X. Qian, W. Hu, Y. Wang, H. Gao, Chemical Speciation and Human Health Risk of Trace Metals in Urban Street Dusts from a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, SE China, Science of the Total Environment, 2013, pp. 456-457.
[21] S. K. Sundaray, B. B. Nayak, S. Lin, D. Bhatta, Geochemical Speciation and Risk Assessment
of Heavy Metals in the River Estuarine Sediments - A Case Study: Mahanadi Basin, India, J. Hazard, Mater, Vol. 186, 2011, pp. 1837-1846.
[22] Environmental Monitoring Station of China, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Epublic of China, Background Values of Soil Elements in China, China Environmental Science Press, Beijing, 1990 (in Chinese).
[23] S. Zhao, C. Feng, Y. Yang, J. Niu, Z. Shen, Risk Assessment of Sedimentary Metals in the Yangtze Estuary: New Evidence of the Relationships Between Two Typical Index Methods, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, pp. 241-242.