Removal of Phenol from Water by Commercial Coconut Shell Charcoal
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, phenol was adsorbed by commercial coconut shell charcoal (CSC), which is inexpensive, commercially available, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. The measurements, namely the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were conducted to characterize the features of the CSC. The highest phenol removal efficiency reached 78.62% at optimal conditions (pH: 7, initial concentration of phenol: 20 mg/L, adsorption time: 120 minutes, and dosage of CSC: 2.5 g/L). The phenol adsorption process follows the Langmuir adsorption model with the coefficient R2 = 0.9964. The maximum adsorption capacity by the CSC was determined to be 14.32 mg/g. The process of desorption of phenol from CSC was most effective in the NaOH solution. On the other hand, the adsorption efficiency of CSC gradually decreased after five consecutive cycles. At the fifth use, the phenol uptake efficiency reached 22.2%.
Keywords:
Phenol, coconut shell charcoal, water treatment.
References
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[3] ITOPF, Technical Information Paper (TIP 17): Response to Marine Chemical Incidents, The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, 2011.
[4] US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Priority Pollutant List, 2014.
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[7] N. Saha, F. Bhunia, A. Kaviraj, Toxicity of Phenol to Fish And Aquatic Ecosystems, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology Industrial Health, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1999, pp. 195-202.
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[9] C. R. Girish, V. Ramachandra Murty, Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution Using Lantana Camara, Forest Waste: Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies, International Scholarly Research Notices, Vol. 16, 2014.
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[12] J. Przepiórski, Enhanced Adsorption of Phenol from Water by Ammonia-treated Activated Carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 135, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 453-456.
[13] B. Xie, J. Qin, S. Wang, X. Li, H. Sun, W. Chen, Adsorption of Phenol on Commercial Activated Carbons: Modelling and Interpretation, International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2020, pp. 789.
[14] N. N. Minh, P. V. Quang, D. T. N. Than, N. T. Huong, Application of Electro-kinetic Technique in Determining Surface Charge Density of Selected Soil Minerals, Vietnam Soil Science Journal, Vol. 43, 2014, pp. 5-9.
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[16] K. Yang, J. Peng, C. Srinivasakannan, L. Zhang, H. Xia, X. Duan, Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Coconut Shells Using Microwave Heating, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 15, 2010, pp. 6163-6169.
[17] A. Tor, Y. Cengeloglu, M. E. Aydin, M. Ersoz, Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Phase By Using Neutralized Red Mud, Journal of Colloid And Interface Science, Vol. 300, No. 2, 2006, pp. 498-503.
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[19] G. Sdanghi, R. L. Canevesi, A. Celzard, M. Thommes, V. Fierro, Characterization of Carbon Materials For Hydrogen Storage And Compression, Journal of Carbon Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2020, pp. 46.
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[22] A. S. Alzaydien, Physical, Chemical and Adsorptive Characteristics of Local Oak Sawdust Based Activated Carbons, Asian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2016, pp. 45-56.
[23] V. Kaur, Preparation and Characterisation of Charcoal Material Derived from Bamboo for the Adsorption of Sulphur Contaminated Water, London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2018, pp. 41-59.
[24] V. Njoku, M. A. Islam, M. Asif, B. Hameed, Preparation of Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Coconut Frond for the Adsorption Of Carbofuran Insecticide, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 110, 2014, pp. 172-180.
[25] A. A. Bazaine, A. C. Trujillo, M. O. Marquez, Adsorption Isotherms: Enlightenment of the Phenomenon of Adsorption, Wastewater Treatment, IntechOpen, Rijeka, 2022, pp. 2.
[26] F. Batool, J. Akbar, S. Iqbal, S. Noreen, S. N. A. Bukhari, Study of Isothermal, Kinetic, And Thermodynamic Parameters for Adsorption of Cadmium: An Overview of Linear and Nonlinear Approach and Error Analysis, Bioinorganic Chemistry Applications, 2018, pp. 1-11.
[27] M. Shafiq, A. A. Alazba, M. T. Amin, Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Ni2+ and Pb2+ Adsorption From Synthetic Wastewater Using Eucalyptus Camdulensis-derived Biochar, Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 7, 2021, pp. 3785.
[28] A. M. Vargas, A. L. Cazetta, M. H. Kunita, T. L. Silva, V. C. Almeida, Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Activated Carbon Produced From Flamboyant Pods (Delonix Regia): Study of Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Models, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 168, No. 2, 2011, pp. 722-730.
[29] N. Mojoudi, N. Mirghaffari, M. Soleimani, H. Shariatmadari, C. Belver, J. Bedia, Phenol Adsorption on High Microporous Activated Carbons Prepared From Oily Sludge: Equilibrium, Kinetic And Thermodynamic Studies, Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1-12.
[30] D. Kalderis, S. Bethanis, P. Paraskeva, E. Diamadopoulos, Production of Activated Carbon From Bagasse And Rice Husk by A Single-stage Chemical Activation Method at Low Retention Times, Bioresource Technology,
Vol. 99, No. 15, 2008, pp. 6809-6816.
[31] S. P. Pajooheshfar, M. Saeedi, Adsorptive Removal of Phenol From Contaminated Water And Wastewater by Activated Carbon, Almond, And Walnut Shells Charcoal, Water Environment Research, Vol. 81, No. 6, 2009, pp. 641-648.
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