Extraction of Pectin and Cellulose from Grapefruit Peels and Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Main Article Content
Abstract
The peels of grapefruit are a rich source of Pectin and Cellulose. This study focuses on the extraction of Pectin and Cellulose from grapefruit peels, and the production of carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from extracted products. Firstly, the extraction conditions of Pectin from grapefruit peels were optimized to obtain a high yield of Pectins such as extraction time and citric acid concentration. The weight, purity, and esterification degree of Pectin were also determined. The highest yield of Pectin is 32.12% in the extraction conditions with pH 1.25 for 60 minutes at 80 oC. The Pectin product is of 84.02% purity at 29,427 g/mol of weight with 86.40% esterification degree. For extraction of Cellulose from grapefruit peels, the highest yield of Cellulose is 45.08% in the conditions with a pH of nitric acid 0.75 for 70 minutes at 90 oC. After that, the extracted Cellulose was converted to Carboxymethyl Cellulose by Monochloroacetic acid etherification. The characterization of Pectin, Cellulose, and CMC is determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Infrared spectrums. The experimental results also showed that Pectin and Cellulose were successfully extracted from grapefruit peels and Carboxymethyl Cellulose was successfully produced from the extracted Cellulose.
References
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[2] S. Q. Liew, N. L. Chin, Y. A. Yusof, Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Passion Fruit Peels, Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia, Vol. 2, 2014, pp. 231-236.
[3] T. L. Do, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Hong Duc Publishing House, 2013, pp. 691-692.
[4] M. A. Khodzhaev, M. T. Turakhozhaev, Plant Pectin Substances, Methods of Isolating Pectin Substances, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 29, 1993, pp. 558-565.
[5] A. Valdés, N. Burgos, A. Jiménez, M. C. Garrigós, Natural Pectin Polysaccharides as Edible Coatings, Coatings, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2015, pp. 865-886.
[6] A. K. M. Azad, Isolation and Characterization of Pectin Extracted from Lemon Pomace During Ripening, Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2014, pp. 30-35.
[7] T. T. M. Phan, T. S. Ngo, Pectin and Cellulose Extraction from Passion Fruit Peel Waste, Vietnam Journal Sciences Technology English, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2020, pp. 32-37.
[8] N. T. D. Phuong, L. T. Nhu, V. M Tien, P. T. Sinh, P. T. Dao, P. N. Lan, P. T. T. Mai, Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose with High Degree Substitution from Vietnamese Pineapple Leaf Waste, Ministry of Science and Technology, Vol. 64, No. 3, 2022, pp. 13-18.
[9] H. Mohamed, Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Grapefruit Peels, MOJ Food Process, Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 31-38.
[10] J. Chumee, D. Seeburin, Cellulose Extraction from Pomelo Peel: Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose, International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 5, 2014, pp. 435-437.
[11] S. V. Kulkarni, Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Quality Characteristics of Pectin from Passion Fruit Peel, Food Science and Technology, Vol. 43, 2010, pp. 1026-1031.
[12] M. S. Rahman, Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2021, pp. 1345-1394.
[13] Sunardi, N. M. Febriani, A. B. Junaidi, Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Produced from Purun Tikus (Eleocharis Dulcis), AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1868, 2017, pp. 020008-1-020008-8.
[14] D. A. Morrow, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes, Circulation, Vol. 115,
No. 13, 2007, pp. 356-375.
[15] R. Gnanasambandam, A. Proctor, Determination of Pectin Degree of Esterification by Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Food Chemistry, Vol. 68, No. 3, 2000, pp. 327-332.
[16] N. V. Mui, Practice in Biochemistry, Technology and Science Publishing House (in Vietnamese), Hanoi National University Publishing House, 2001, pp. 60-61.
[17] L. P. T. Quoc, Extraction of Pectin from Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peels with the Assistance of Microwave and Tartaric Acid, International Food Research Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1637-1641.
[18] V. N. Novosel’skaya, S. Semenova, S. Rashidova, Trends in the Science and Applications of Pectins, Chemistry National Compound, Vol. 36, 2000, pp. 1-10.
[19] M. A. Khodzhaev, M. T. Turakhozhaev, Plant Pectin Substances, Methods of Isolating Pectin Substances, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1993, pp. 558-565.
[20] A. F. Fracasso, C. A. Perussello, D. Carpiné, C. L. de O. Petkowicz, C. W. I. Haminiuk, Chemical Modification of Citrus Pectin: Structural, Physical and Rheological Implications, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 109, 2018, pp. 784-792.
[21] D. Demir, S. Ceylan, D. Göktürk, N. Bölgen, Extraction of Pectin from Albedo of Lemon Peels for Preparation of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2021, pp. 2211-2226.
[22] C. Acikgoz, Extraction and Characterization of Pectin Obtained from Quince Fruits (Cydonia Vulgaris Pers) Grown in Turkey, Asian Journal Chemistry, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2011, pp. 149.
[23] I. M. D. A. Silva, L. V. Gonzaga, E. R. Amante, R. F. Teófilo, M. M. C. Ferreira, R. D. M. C. Amboni, Optimization of Extraction of High-ester Pectin from Passion Fruit Peel (Passiflora Edulis Flavicarpa) with Citric Acid by using Response Surface Methodology, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 13, 2008, pp. 5561-5566.
[24] N. D. Hung, N. T. L. Thuong, L. N. H. Kien, N. D. Nghiep, V. T. Sang, Reasreach for Collection Pectin from Grapefruit Peel, Scientific Journal of Thu Dau Mot University, 2020, pp. 65-71.
[25] M. Sain, S. Panthapulakkal, Bioprocess Preparation of Wheat Straw Fibers and Their Characterization, Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2006, pp. 1-8.
[26] K. O. Reddy, C. U. Maheswari, M. Shukla, Physico-chemical Characterization of Cellulose Extracted from Ficus Leaves, Journal Biobased Material Bioenergy, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2013, pp. 496-499.
[27] R. J. Astete, J. J. Davalos, G. Zolla, Determination of HemiCellulose, Cellulose, HoloCellulose, and Lignin Content using FTIR in Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum and Guazuma Crinita Lam, PLoS One, Vol. 16, No. 10, 2021, pp. e0256559.
[28] R. M. D. Salim, J. Asik, M. S. Sarjadi, Chemical Functional Groups of Extractives, Cellulose, and Lignin Extracted from Native Leucaena Leucocephala Bark, Wood Science Technology, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2021, pp. 295-313.
[29] M. L. H. Rozali, N. H. Ahmad, M. I. N. Isa, Effect of Adipic Acid Composition on Structural and Conductivity Solid Biopolymer Electrolytes Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose Studies, American-eurasian Journal Sustainable Agriculture, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2015, pp. 39-45.
[30] S. Ramli, S. M. Ja’afar, M. A. A. Sisak, N. Zainuddin, I. A. Rahman, Formulation and Physical Characterization of Microemulsions Based Carboxymethyl Cellulose as Vitamin C Carrier, Malaysian Journal of Science, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2015, pp. 275-283.