Study on Quantification and Toxicity Estimation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Vietnamese Fish and Food Packaging Materials
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of perfluroalkyl substances (PFASs) including 7 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 3 sulfonates (PFSs) were determined in fresh water fish and food packaging material samples collected from Hanoi, Vietnam. Concentrations of Σ10PFASs ranged from 0.24 to 1.73 (median 0.62) ng/g wet weight for fish samples, and from not detected to 536 (median 0.98) ng/g dry weight for food packaging materials. PFAS levels in our fish samples were within low to moderate ranges compared to other countries, implying relatively low contamination degree of water environment in Hanoi. PFAS contents in almost food packaging samples were generally low (<2 ng/g), except for 3 mochi papper trays (323-536 ng/g). The sources of some longchain PFCAs (e.g., PFOA and PFDA) in a few food packaging samples were still unclear. Relative potencies (REP) of PFASs to PFOA based on thyroid hormone disruption effects were reviewed and applied to estimate toxicity equivalents (PFOA-EQs) of PFAS mixtures in analyzed samples. In term of toxicity contributions, PFOS and PFOA were the most important compounds, accounting for about 70% of PFOA-EQs.
Keywords:
PFASs, PFCAs, PFSs, fish, food packaging materials, toxicity.
References
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[3] M. J. Spratlen, F. P. Perera, S. A. Lederman, V. A. Rauh, M. Robinson, K. Kannan, L. Trasande, J. Herbstman, The Association between Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Childhood Neurodevelopment, Environ, Pollut., Vol. 263, 2020, pp. 114444.
[4] C. R. Stein, K. J. McGovern, A. M. Pajak, P. J. Maglione, M. S. Wolff, Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Indicators of Immune Function in Children Aged 12-19, Pediatr. Res., Vol. 79, 2016, pp. 348-357.
[5] H. Yao, Y. Fu, X. Weng, Z. Zeng, Y. Tan, X. Wu, H. Zeng, Z. Yang, Y. Li, H. Liang, Y. Wu, L. Wen, C. Jing, The Association between Prenatal Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure and Neurobehavioral Problems in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., Vol. 20, 2023, pp. 1668.
[6] K. K. Haevig, K. U. Petersen, K. S. Hougaard, C. Lindh, C. H. Ramlau-Hansen, G. Toft, A. Giwercman, B. B. Hoyer, E. M. Flachs, J. P. Bonde, S. S. Tottenborg, Maternal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
and MaleReproductive Function in Young Adulthood: Combined Exposure to Seven PFAS, Environ, Health Perspect, Vol. 130, 2022, pp. 107001-107002.
[7] S. D. Currie, J. P. Doherty, K. S. Xue, J. S. Wang, L. Tang, The Stage-specific Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans, Environ, Pollut, Vol. 336, 2023, pp. 122429.
[8] P. A. Behnisch, K. Hosoe, A. Brouwer, S. Sakai, Screening of Dioxin-Like Toxicity Equivalents for Various Matrices with Wildtype and Recombinant Rat Hepatoma H4IIE Cells, Toxicol, Sci, Vol. 69, 2002, pp. 125-130.
[9] B. Pieterse, E. Felzel, R. Winter, B. Burg, A. Brouwer, PAH-CALUX, an Optimized Bioassay for AhR-Mediated Hazard Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) as Individual Compounds and in Complex
Mixtures, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, 2013, pp. 11651-11659.
[10] J. M. Weiss, P. L. Andersson, M. H. Lamoree, P. E. G. Leonards, S. P. J. Leeuwen, T. Hamers, Competitive Binding of Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds to the Thyroid Hormone Transport Protein Transthyretin, Toxicol. Sci., Vol. 109, 2009, pp. 206-216.
[11] M. J. Kim, S. Moon, B. C. Oh, D. Jung, K. Ji, K. Choi, Y. J. Park, Association between Perfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure and Thyroid Function in Adults: A Meta-analysis, PLoS ONE, Vol. 13, 2018, pp. e0197244.
[12] K. Kannan, J. Koistinen, K. Beckmen, T. Evans, J. F. Gorzelany, K. J. Hansen, P. D. Jones,
E. Helle, M. Nyman, J. P. Giesy, Accumulation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Marine Mammals, Environ. Sci, Technol., Vol. 35, No. 8, 2001, pp. 1593-1598.
[13] CEN/TS 15968:2010 (E), Determination of Extractable Perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS) in Coated and Impregnated Solid Articles, Liquids and Fire Fighting Foams - Method for Sampling, Extraction and Analysis by LC-qMS or LC-tandem/MS, European Committee for Standardization, August 2010.
[14] ISO 25101: 2009, Water Quality - Determination of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) - Method for Unfiltered Samples Using Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, March 2009.
[15] P. A. Behnisch, H, Besselink, R. Weber, W. Willand, J. Huang, A, Brouwer, Developing Potency Factors for Thyroid Hormone Disruption by PFASs Using TTR-TRβ CALUX® Bioassay and Assessment of PFASs Mixtures in Technical Products, Environ, Int., Vol. 157, 2021, pp. 106791.
[16] M. Murakami, N. Adachi, M. Saha, C. Morita, H. Takada, Levels, Temporal Trends, and Tissue Distribution of Perfluorinated Surfactants in Freshwater Fish from Asian Countries, Arch, Environ, Contam, Toxicol., Vol. 61, 2011, pp. 631-641.
[17] N. H. Lam, C. R. Cho, H. S. Cho, A Nationwide Survey of Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Waters, Sediment and Biota Collected from Aquatic Environment in Vietnam: Distributions and Bioconcentration Profiles, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 323, 2107, pp. 116-127.
[18] M. Chen, L. Zhu, Q. Wang, G. Shan, Tissue Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Legacy and Emerging Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Edible Fishes from Taihu Lake, China, Environ, Pollut., Vol. 268, 2021,
pp. 115887.
[19] Y. M. Lee, J. Y. Lee, M. K. Kim, H. Yang, J. E. Lee, Y. Son, Y. Kho, K. Choi, K. D. Zoh, Concentration and Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Asan Lake Area of South Korea, J. Hazard, Mater,
Vol. 381, 2020, pp. 120909.
[20] M. D. Hung, N. H. Lam, H. H. Leong, H. J. Jeong, D. J. Jeong, G. H. Park, P. J. Kim, J. E. Oh, H. S. Cho, Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Ten Edible Freshwater Fish Species from Major Rivers and Lakes in Korea: Distribution and Human Exposure by Consumption, Toxicol, Environ, Health Sci., Vol. 10, 2018, pp. 307-320.
[21] X. Ye, H. L. Schoenfuss, N. D. Jahns, A. D. Delinsky, M. J. Strynar, J. Varns, S. F. Nakayama, L. Helfant, A. B. Lindstrom, Perfluorinated Compounds in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Fillets from the Upper Mississippi River, Environ, Int., Vol. 34, 2008, pp. 932-938.
[22] C. Moreta, M. T. Tena, Fast Determination of Perfluorocompounds in Packaging by Focused Ultrasound Solid-liquid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole-time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatogr, Vol. 1302, 2013, pp. 888-894.
[23] I. Zabaleta, E. Bizkarguenaga, D. Bilbao, N. Etxebarria, A. Prieto, O. Zuloaga, Fast and Simple Determination of Perfluorinated Compounds and Their Potential Precursors in Different Packaging Materials, Talanta, Vol. 152, 2016, pp. 353-363.
[24] I. Zabaleta, N. Negreira, E. Bizkarguenaga, A. Prieto, A. Covaci, O. Zuloaga, Screening and Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Microwave Popcorn Bags, Food Chem., Vol. 321, 2017, pp. 126746.
[25] P. Siao, S. Tseng, C. Chen, Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging in Taiwan Using Ultrasonic Extraction and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry, J. Food Drug Anal., Vol. 30, 2022, pp. 11-25.
[26] L. Minet, Z. Wang, A. Shalin, T. A. Bruton, A. Blum, G. F. Peaslee, H. S. Narbonne, M. Venier, H. Whitehead, Y. Wu, M. L. Diamond, Use and Release of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Consumer Food Packaging in U.S. and Canada, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, Vol. 24, 2022, pp. 2032-2042.