Study on the Determination of Chlorobenzenes by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Chlorobenzenes (CBzs) are typical organic pollutants, however studies on detailed profiles of these substances in Vietnam are still limited. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 11 CBzs with 2 to 6 chlorine atoms was studied on a gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) system. CBzs were separated on a Rxi-5ms capillary column (30m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). Nitrogen with a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used as carrier gas. Column oven temperature program was set as follows: 40 °C to 160 °C (10 °C/min, hold 1 min), to 220 °C (10 °C/min, hold 5 min), and to 300 °C (20 °C/min). Injector and detector temperatures were 220 °C and 300 °C, respectively. Exept for 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetracholorobenzenes with similar retention time, peaks of the remaining analyte pairs were well-resolved (RS > 1.5). Limits of detection of CBzs ranged from 1 ng/mL (hexachlorobenzene) to 50 ng/mL (dichlorobenzene isomers). Analytical signals exhibited linear correlation with CBzs concentrations up to 1000 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99). Some recovery tests for CBzs were conducted including: treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, liquid liquid partitioning, solid phase extraction, and ultrasonic extraction.
Keywords:
Chlorobenzenes, Gas chromatography, Electron capture detection
References
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[4] R. E. Bailey, D. Wijk, P. C. Thomas, Sources and prevalence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment, Chemosphere, Vol. 75, 2009, pp. 555-564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.038.
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[13] T. T. T. Nguyen, A. Q. Hoang, V. D. Nguyen, H. T. Nguyen, T. V. Vu, X. T. Vuong, M. B. Tu, Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, 2021, pp. 13340-13351, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11385-9.
[14] N. H. Minh, T. B. Minh, N. Kajiwara, T. Kunisue, A. Subramanian, H. Iwata, T. S. Tana, R. Baburajendran, S. Karuppiah, P. H. Viet, B. C. Tuyen, S. Tanabe, Contamination by persistent organic pollutants in dumping sites of Asian developing countries: implication of emerging pollution sources, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 50, 2006, pp. 474-481, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-1087-3.
[15] Method 3630C: Silica Gel Cleanup, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-3630c-silica-gel-cleanup.
[16] Method 3500C: Organic Extraction and Sample Preparation, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-3500c-organic-extraction-and-sample-preparation.
[17] H. Zhang, L. Jiang, X. Zhou, T. Zeng, Z. He, X. Huang, J. Chen, S. Song, Determination of hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene in waste incineration fly ash using ultrasonic extraction followed by column cleanup and GC-MS analysis, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 410, 2018, pp. 1893-1902, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0849-5.
[18] Y. Sun, M. Takaoka, N. Takeda, T. Matsumoto, K. Oshita, Application of microwave-assisted extraction to the analysis of PCBs and CBzs in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators, Journal of Hazardous Materials A137, 2006, pp. 162-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.011.
[19] D. E. Balampanis, F. Coulon, N. Simms, P. Longhurst, S. J. T. Pollard, C. Fenech, R. Villa, An assessment of different extraction and quantification methods of penta- and hexa-chlorobenzene from SRF fly-ash, Analytical Chemistry Research, Vol. 12, 2017, pp. 28-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancr.2017.01.003.