Efficient Photoreduction of CO2 to CH4 on AgCl/Ag/g-C3N4 Ternary Composites
Main Article Content
Abstract
The AgCl/Ag/g-C3N4 ternary composites were synthesized by simple methods. The characterizations (XRD, FTIR, TEM, UV-DRS, PL) indicated clearly the existence of Ag, AgCl, and g-C3N4 phases and visible light absorption ability of composites. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photoreducing CO2 to CH4. The obtained results showed that the composite 3AC-Ag-CN exhibited the highest activity with CH4 production of 3.38.10-2 mmol.g-1.h-1, which was ~7.5 times higher than that of g-C3N4. This activity enhancement was explained by their Z-scheme heterojunction structure.
Keywords:
Graphitic carbon nitride, photoreduction, silver
References
[1] A. Hezam, T. Peppel, J. Strunk, Pathways Towards a Systematic Development of Z-scheme Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction, Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem., Vol. 41, 2023, pp. 100789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100789.
[2] Control Methane to Slow Global Warming - Fast, Nature, Vol. 596, 2021, pp. 461, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02287-y.
[3] J. Wen, J. Xie, X. Chen, X. Li, A Review on g-C3N4-based Photocatalysts, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 391, 2017, pp. 72-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030.
[4] L. Wang, K. Wang, T. He, Y. Zhao, H. Song, H. Wang, Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalytic Materials: Preparation Strategy and Application, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., Vol. 8, No. 43, 2020, pp. 16048-16085,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05246.
[5] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Manickam, Experimental Studies on Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 Using AgBr Decorated g-C3N4 Composite in TEA Mediated System, J. of CO2 Ulti., Vol. 22, 2017, pp. 250-261,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.10.012.
[6] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Matheswaran, M. Praveen Kumar, S. Ravichandran, A Direct Z-Scheme Plasmonic AgCl@g-C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Superior Visible Light CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Medium, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 450, 2018, pp. 516-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.111.
[7] T. Di, B. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. Yu, J. Xu, A Direct Z-Scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 Photocatalyst with Superior Visible-light CO2 Reduction Performance, J. of Catal., Vol. 352, 2017, pp. 532-541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.06.006.
[8] S. Cao, Y. Li, B. Zhu, M. Jaroniec, J. Yu, Facet Effect of Pd Cocatalyst on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over g-C3N4, J. Catal., Vol. 349, 2017, pp. 208-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.005.
[9] K. Koci, H. Dang Van, M. Edelmannová, M. Reli, J. C.S.Wu, Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 Using Pt/C3N4 Photocatalysts, Appl.Surf. Sci., Vol. 503, 2020, pp. 144426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144426.
[10] Z. Otgonbayar, K. Y. Cho, W. C. Oh, Novel Micro and Nanostructure of a AgCuInS2–Graphene–TiO2 Ternary Composite for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction for Methanol Fuel, ASC Omega, Vol. 5, No. 41, 2020, pp. 26389-26401, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02498.
[11] Y. He, L. Zhang, M. Fan, X. Wang, M. L. Walbridge, Q. Nong, Y. Wu, L. Zhao, Z-scheme SnO2−x/g-C3N4 Composite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 137, 2015, pp. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.01.037.
[12] Z. Sun, W. Fang, L. Zhao, H. Chen, X. He, W. Li, P. Tian, Z. Huang, g-C3N4 Foam/Cu2O QDs with Excellent CO2 Adsorption and Synergistic Catalytic Effect for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Environ. Int., Vol. 130, 2019, pp. 104898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.008.
[13] H. Wang, H. Li, Z. Chen, J. Li, X. Li, P. Huo, Q. Wang, TiO2 Modified g-C3N4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Performance, Solid State Sci., Vol. 100, 2020, pp. 106099,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2019.106099.
[14] Q. Guo, L. Fu, T. Yan, W. Tian, D. Ma, J. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Wang, Improved Photocatalytic Activity of Porous ZnO Nanosheets by Thermal Deposition Graphene-like g-C3N4 for CO2 Reduction with H2O Vapor, Appl. Surf. Sci.,
Vol. 509, 2020, pp. 144773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144773.
[15] S. Yin, L. Sun, Y. Zhou, X. Li, J. Li, X. Song,
P. Huo, H. Wang, Y. Yan, Enhanced Electron–Hole Separation in SnS2/Au/g-C3N4 Embedded Structure for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction, Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 406, 2021, pp. 126776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126776.
[16] X. Zhao, J. Guan, J. Li, X. Li, H. Wang, P. Huo, Y. Yan, CeO2/3D g-C3N4 Heterojunction Deposited with Pt Cocatalyst for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 537, 2021, pp. 147891,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147891.
[17] C. Prasad, H. Tang, I. Bahadur, Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Ternary Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Their Applications in Photocatalysis: A Recent Review, J. Mol. Liq., Vol. 281, 2019, pp. 634-654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.068.
[18] U. Ghosh, A. Majumdar, A. Pai, Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over g-C3N4 Based Heterostructures: Recent Progress and Prospects, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., Vol. 9, No. 1, 2021, 104631,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104631.
[19] Y. Guo, S. Chen, Y. Yu, H. Tian, Y. L. Zhao,
J. C. Ren, C. Huang, H. Bian, M. Huang, L. An, Y. Li, R. Zhang, Hydrogen-Location-Sensitive Modulation of the Redox Reactivity for Oxygen-Deficient TiO2, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 141, No. 21, 2019, pp. 8407-8411, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b01836.
[20] M. Jourshabani, B. K. Lee, Z. Shariatinia, From Traditional Strategies to Z-scheme Configuration in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts: Recent Progress and Future Challenges, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., Vol. 276, 2020, pp. 119157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119157.
[21] G. Liao, C. Li, X. Li, B. Fang, Emerging Polymeric Carbon Nitride Z-scheme Systems for Photocatalysis, Cell Rep. Phy. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3, 2021, pp. 100355,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100355.
[22] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Manickam, P. K. Murugesan, R. Subbiah, A Direct Z-Scheme Plasmonic AgCl@g-C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Superior Visible Light CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Medium, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 450, 2018, pp. 516-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.111.
[23] G. Fan, R. Ning, Z. Yan, J. Luo, B. Du, J. Zhan, L. Liu, J. Zhang, Double Photoelectron-transfer Mechanism in Ag−AgCl/WO3/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst with Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity for Trimethoprim Degradation, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 403, 2021, pp. 123964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123964.
[24] Y. He, L. Zhang, B. Teng, M. Fan, New Application of Z-Scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 Composite in Converting CO2 to Fuel, Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2015, pp. 649-656, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5046309.
[25] G. Zhang, X. Zhu, D. Chen, N. Li, Q. Xu, H. Li,J. He, H. Xu, J. Lu, Hierarchical Z-Scheme g-C3N4/Au/ZnIn2S4 Photocatalyst for Highly Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Nitric Oxide Removal and Carbon Dioxide Conversion, Environ. Sci.: Nano, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2020, pp. 676-687, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN01325C.
[26] W. Liu, J. Shen, X. Yang, Q. Liu, H. Tang, Dual Z-Scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4 Ternary Composite Photocatalyst for Solar Oxygen Evolution from Water Splitting, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 456, 2018, pp. 369-378,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.156.
[27] K. Wang, J. Li, G. Zhang, Ag-Bridged Z-Scheme 2D/2D Bi5FeTi3O15/g-C3N4 Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalysis: Mediator-Induced Interfacial Charge Transfer and Mechanism Insights, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Vol. 11, No. 31, 2019, pp. 27686-27696, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b05074.
[2] Control Methane to Slow Global Warming - Fast, Nature, Vol. 596, 2021, pp. 461, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02287-y.
[3] J. Wen, J. Xie, X. Chen, X. Li, A Review on g-C3N4-based Photocatalysts, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 391, 2017, pp. 72-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030.
[4] L. Wang, K. Wang, T. He, Y. Zhao, H. Song, H. Wang, Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalytic Materials: Preparation Strategy and Application, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., Vol. 8, No. 43, 2020, pp. 16048-16085,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05246.
[5] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Manickam, Experimental Studies on Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 Using AgBr Decorated g-C3N4 Composite in TEA Mediated System, J. of CO2 Ulti., Vol. 22, 2017, pp. 250-261,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.10.012.
[6] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Matheswaran, M. Praveen Kumar, S. Ravichandran, A Direct Z-Scheme Plasmonic AgCl@g-C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Superior Visible Light CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Medium, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 450, 2018, pp. 516-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.111.
[7] T. Di, B. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. Yu, J. Xu, A Direct Z-Scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 Photocatalyst with Superior Visible-light CO2 Reduction Performance, J. of Catal., Vol. 352, 2017, pp. 532-541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.06.006.
[8] S. Cao, Y. Li, B. Zhu, M. Jaroniec, J. Yu, Facet Effect of Pd Cocatalyst on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over g-C3N4, J. Catal., Vol. 349, 2017, pp. 208-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.005.
[9] K. Koci, H. Dang Van, M. Edelmannová, M. Reli, J. C.S.Wu, Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 Using Pt/C3N4 Photocatalysts, Appl.Surf. Sci., Vol. 503, 2020, pp. 144426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144426.
[10] Z. Otgonbayar, K. Y. Cho, W. C. Oh, Novel Micro and Nanostructure of a AgCuInS2–Graphene–TiO2 Ternary Composite for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction for Methanol Fuel, ASC Omega, Vol. 5, No. 41, 2020, pp. 26389-26401, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02498.
[11] Y. He, L. Zhang, M. Fan, X. Wang, M. L. Walbridge, Q. Nong, Y. Wu, L. Zhao, Z-scheme SnO2−x/g-C3N4 Composite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 137, 2015, pp. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.01.037.
[12] Z. Sun, W. Fang, L. Zhao, H. Chen, X. He, W. Li, P. Tian, Z. Huang, g-C3N4 Foam/Cu2O QDs with Excellent CO2 Adsorption and Synergistic Catalytic Effect for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Environ. Int., Vol. 130, 2019, pp. 104898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.008.
[13] H. Wang, H. Li, Z. Chen, J. Li, X. Li, P. Huo, Q. Wang, TiO2 Modified g-C3N4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Performance, Solid State Sci., Vol. 100, 2020, pp. 106099,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2019.106099.
[14] Q. Guo, L. Fu, T. Yan, W. Tian, D. Ma, J. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Wang, Improved Photocatalytic Activity of Porous ZnO Nanosheets by Thermal Deposition Graphene-like g-C3N4 for CO2 Reduction with H2O Vapor, Appl. Surf. Sci.,
Vol. 509, 2020, pp. 144773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144773.
[15] S. Yin, L. Sun, Y. Zhou, X. Li, J. Li, X. Song,
P. Huo, H. Wang, Y. Yan, Enhanced Electron–Hole Separation in SnS2/Au/g-C3N4 Embedded Structure for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction, Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 406, 2021, pp. 126776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126776.
[16] X. Zhao, J. Guan, J. Li, X. Li, H. Wang, P. Huo, Y. Yan, CeO2/3D g-C3N4 Heterojunction Deposited with Pt Cocatalyst for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 537, 2021, pp. 147891,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147891.
[17] C. Prasad, H. Tang, I. Bahadur, Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Ternary Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Their Applications in Photocatalysis: A Recent Review, J. Mol. Liq., Vol. 281, 2019, pp. 634-654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.068.
[18] U. Ghosh, A. Majumdar, A. Pai, Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over g-C3N4 Based Heterostructures: Recent Progress and Prospects, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., Vol. 9, No. 1, 2021, 104631,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104631.
[19] Y. Guo, S. Chen, Y. Yu, H. Tian, Y. L. Zhao,
J. C. Ren, C. Huang, H. Bian, M. Huang, L. An, Y. Li, R. Zhang, Hydrogen-Location-Sensitive Modulation of the Redox Reactivity for Oxygen-Deficient TiO2, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 141, No. 21, 2019, pp. 8407-8411, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b01836.
[20] M. Jourshabani, B. K. Lee, Z. Shariatinia, From Traditional Strategies to Z-scheme Configuration in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts: Recent Progress and Future Challenges, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., Vol. 276, 2020, pp. 119157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119157.
[21] G. Liao, C. Li, X. Li, B. Fang, Emerging Polymeric Carbon Nitride Z-scheme Systems for Photocatalysis, Cell Rep. Phy. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3, 2021, pp. 100355,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100355.
[22] P. Murugesan, S. Narayanan, M. Manickam, P. K. Murugesan, R. Subbiah, A Direct Z-Scheme Plasmonic AgCl@g-C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Superior Visible Light CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Medium, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 450, 2018, pp. 516-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.111.
[23] G. Fan, R. Ning, Z. Yan, J. Luo, B. Du, J. Zhan, L. Liu, J. Zhang, Double Photoelectron-transfer Mechanism in Ag−AgCl/WO3/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst with Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity for Trimethoprim Degradation, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 403, 2021, pp. 123964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123964.
[24] Y. He, L. Zhang, B. Teng, M. Fan, New Application of Z-Scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 Composite in Converting CO2 to Fuel, Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2015, pp. 649-656, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5046309.
[25] G. Zhang, X. Zhu, D. Chen, N. Li, Q. Xu, H. Li,J. He, H. Xu, J. Lu, Hierarchical Z-Scheme g-C3N4/Au/ZnIn2S4 Photocatalyst for Highly Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Nitric Oxide Removal and Carbon Dioxide Conversion, Environ. Sci.: Nano, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2020, pp. 676-687, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN01325C.
[26] W. Liu, J. Shen, X. Yang, Q. Liu, H. Tang, Dual Z-Scheme g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4 Ternary Composite Photocatalyst for Solar Oxygen Evolution from Water Splitting, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 456, 2018, pp. 369-378,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.156.
[27] K. Wang, J. Li, G. Zhang, Ag-Bridged Z-Scheme 2D/2D Bi5FeTi3O15/g-C3N4 Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalysis: Mediator-Induced Interfacial Charge Transfer and Mechanism Insights, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Vol. 11, No. 31, 2019, pp. 27686-27696, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b05074.