A Review on Analytical Methods for Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Waste Incinerator Ash Samples
Main Article Content
Abstract
Residual ash from waste incinerators can be reused for different purposes; however, this material can also contain substantial amounts of toxicants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Therefore, several studies on PAHs in ash samples have been performed over the last five decades. This review paper investigated the determination methods of PAHs in incinerator ash samples from available databases, providing insights into trends and improvements in PAH analytical procedures, and referencing information for further studies on this pollutant class in waste from Vietnam. The analytical procedures of PAHs in ash samples usually include main steps such as: i) Sample collection and storage; ii) Sample extraction; iii) Extract treatment and concentration; and iv) Quantitative analysis by gas or liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been commonly applied to separate and quantify PAHs because of its high selectivity, high accuracy, and low detection limits. Additional studies on method development and validation for PAHs and their derivatives in waste should be conducted in Vietnam and other developing countries.
Keywords:
PAHs, ash, waste incinerator, analytical method, GC/MS.
References
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[29] X. Xu, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, W. Liu, C. P. Weisel, Selective Detection of Monohydroxy Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography/Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., Vol. 18, 2004, pp. 2299-308, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1625.
[2] H. I. A. Shafy, M. S. M. Mansour, A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source, Environmental Impact, Effect on Human Health and Remediation, Egypt. J. Pet., Vol. 25, 2016, pp. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011.
[3] L. H. Keith, W. A. Telliard, Priority pollutants: I. A Perspective View, Environmental, Environ, Sci. Technol., Vol. 13, 1979, pp. 416-423, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60152a601.
[4] F. B. Jr, B. A. Rocha, M. C. O. Souza, M. Z. Bocato, L. F. Azevedo, J. A. Adeyemi, A. Santana, A. D. Campiglia, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs): Updated Aspects of Their Determination, Kinetics in the Human Body, and Toxicity, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health – B: Crit. Rev., Vol. 26, 2023, pp. 28-65, https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390.
[5] C. W. Jameson, Chapter 7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Occupational Exposures, Part 1 Concordance Between Cancer in Humans and in Experimental Animals, Tumour Site Concordance and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2019, pp. 59-63.
[6] K. Srogi, Monitoring of Environmental Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review, Environ, Chem. Lett, Vol. 5, 2007, pp. 169-195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0.
[7] Z. Kosnar, F. Mercl, I. Perna, P. Tlustos, Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Fly Ash and Bottom Ash of Biomass Incineration Plants in Relation to the Operating Temperature and Unburned Carbon Content, Vol. 563-564, 2016, pp. 53-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.059.
[8] I. Johansson, B. V. Bavel, Levels and Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Incineration Ashes, Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 331, 2003, pp. 221-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00168-2.
[9] S. E. Hrudey, R. Perry, R. A. Wellings, The Composition of Residues from Municipal Refuse Incinerators, Environ. Res., Vol. 7, 1974, pp. 294-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(74)90030-9.
[10] S. R. Wild, D. J. Mitchell, C. M. Yelland, K. C. Jones, Arrested Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash as a Source of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the Environment, Waste Manag. Res., Vol.10, 1992, pp. 99-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-242X(92)90061-O.
[11] C. D. Palo, P. D. Stefanis, M. Massa, R. Montani, Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) from Solid Waste Incinerator Equipped with an After-Combustion Champer, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Vol. 9, 1996, pp. 45-51, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406639608031200.
[12] K. Manskinen, H. Nurmesniemi, R. Poykio, Occupational Risk Evaluation of Using Bottom Ash and Fly Ash as a Construction Material, J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste, Vol. 16, 2012, pp. 79-87, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000111.
[13] T. L. Chung, C. J. Liao, G. P. C. Chien, Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in Ash from Different Units in a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator, Waste Manag Res., Vol. 28, 2010, pp. 789-799, https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09357221.
[14] Y. Chen, R. Zhao, J. Xue, J. Li, Generation and Distribution of PAHs in the Process of Medical Waste Incineration, Waste Management, Vol. 33, 2013, pp. 1165-1173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.011.
[15] A. D. Wheatley, S. Sadhra, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Solid Residues from Waste Incineration, Chemosphere, Vol. 55, 2004, pp. 743-749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.055.
[16] I. Johansson, B. V. Bavel, Levels and Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Incineration Ashes, Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 311, 2003, pp. 221-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00168-2.
[17] C. Shen, X. Tang, J. Yao, D. Shi, J. Fang, M. I. Khan, S. A. Cheema, Y. Chen, Levels and Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash in Zhejiang Province, China, J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 179, 2010, pp. 197-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.079.
[18] A. Q. Hoang, T. H. Le, M. B. Tu, S. Takahashi, Characterization of Unsubstituted and Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Screening of Potential Organic Compounds in Solid Waste and Environmental Samples by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, J. Environ. Chem., Vol. 30, 2020, pp. 82-93, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.30.82.
[19] H. T. Nguyen, V. Q. Pham, T. P. M. Nguyen, T. T. T. Nguyen, B. M. Tu, P. T. Le, Emission and Distribution Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Solid Residues of Municipal and Industrial Waste Incinerators, Northern Vietnam, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., Vol. 30, 2022, pp. 38255-38268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24680-4.
[20] Y. Liu, Y. Li, X. Li, Y. Jiang, Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals and PAHs from MSWI Bottom Ash in a Long-term Static Immersing Experiment, Waste Management, Vol. 28, 2008, pp. 1126-1136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.014.
[21] I. Johansson, B. V. Bavel, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Weathered Bottom Ash from Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste, Chemosphere, Vol. 53, 2003, pp. 123-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00299-6.
[22] H. Li, G. Liu, Y. Cao, Levels and Environmental Impact of PAHs and Trace Element in Fly Ash from a Miscellaneous Solid Waste by Rotary Kiln Incinerator, China, Nat. Hazards., Vol. 76, 2015, pp. 811-822, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1520-x.
[23] A. N. Gachanja, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environmental Applications, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005, pp. 234-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00474-X.
[24] G. A. Rivera, M. Bueno, D. B. Vivas, J. A. Mendiola, E. Ibanez, Chapter 13 Pressurized Liquid Extraction, Liquid-Phase Extraction, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 375-398, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816911-7.00013-X.
[25] M. T. Pena, M. C. Casais, M. C. Mejuto, R. Cela, Development of a Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Method for the Determination of Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sewage Sludge Samples, Anal. Chim. Acta., Vol. 626, 2008, pp. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.053.
[26] H. Q. Anh, N. V. Duc, N. T. Son, L. V. Boi, T. M. Tri, T. C. Quyet, T. P. Huyen, N. T. Hoa, N. T. Luong, P. D. Minh, T. H. Minh, N. T. Hieu, K. T. Huyen, Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Settled Dust: Development of a Simple Preparation Method, Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 29, 2023, pp. 176-181.
[27] D. L. Poster, M. M. Schantz, L. C. Sander, S. A. Wise, Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Environmental Samples: a Critical Review of Gas Chromatographic (GC) methods, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., Vol. 386, 2006, pp. 859-881, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0771-0.
[28] D. L. Poster, L. C. Sander, S. A. Wise, Chromatographic Methods of Analysis for the Determination of PAHs in Environmental Samples, Handb. Environ. Chem., Vol. 3, 1998, pp. 77-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_3.
[29] X. Xu, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, W. Liu, C. P. Weisel, Selective Detection of Monohydroxy Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography/Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., Vol. 18, 2004, pp. 2299-308, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1625.