Combined Effects of Temperature Changes and Bisphenol A on the Embryonic Development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Water pollution by heat and organic matter is a global concern. Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic synthetic compound which is used as a raw material in the manufacture of many plastic products. It has been found in water and has the potential to bioaccumulate and disrupt the endocrine system. In this study, the simultaneous influence of BPA and temperature changes on zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) was evaluated. Embryos (0 day) were exposed to BPA (2.5 - 25 mg/L) at three temperature regimes: 23 °C, 28 °C (control) and 33 °C. The amount of embryonic deaths, malformations (hematoma, pericardial edema) were recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours
post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed that embryo mortality and malformation rate increased depending on BPA concentration and temperature. At 96 hpf endpoint, lethal concentration (LC50) and morphological effective concentration (mEC50) of 23 °C, 28 °C, 33 °C were obtained as follows: LC50 = 14.886 mg/L and EC50 = 10.421 mg/L; LC50 = 16.732 mg/L and EC50 = 9.336 mg/L; LC50 = 7.627 mg/L and EC50 = 7.731 mg/L, respectively. The toxicity of BPA at 33 °C was higher than that of the control condition indicating the synergistic effect of BPA and temperature changes on the embryonic development of zebrafish. This suggests that the climate change might also effect on the toxicity of BPA.
Keywords:
Bisphenol A, Danio rerio, Water pollution, Organic compound, Climate change.
References
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[2] U. Wazir, K. Mokbel, Bisphenol A: A Concise Review of Literature and a Discussion of Health and Regulatory Implications, In Vivo, Vol. 33, No. 5, 2019, pp. 1421-1423.
[3] F. Vilarinho, R. Séndon et al., Bisphenol a in Food as a Result of its Migration from Food Packaging, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 91, 2019, pp. 33-65.
[4] N. Graziani, H. Carreras et al., Atmospheric Levels of BPA Associated with Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment, Heliyon, Vol. 5, 2019, pp. e01419.
[5] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bisphenol a Action Plan, Vol. 22, 2010.
[6] H. Zhang, Y. Zhang et al., Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Bisphenol Analogues in Source Water and Drinking Water in China, the Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 655, 2019, pp. 607-613.
[7] A. Alammari, M. Khan et al., Trace Identification of Endocrine-disrupting Bisphenol a in Drinking Water by Solid-phase Extraction and Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry, Journal of King Saud University - Science, Vol. 2, 2020, pp. 1634-1640.
[8] E. Yamazaki, N. Yamashita et al., Bisphenol a and other Bisphenol Analogues Including BPS and BPF in Surface Water Samples from Japan, China, Korea and India, Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Vol. 122, 2015, pp. 565-572.
[9] C. Xiao, L. Wang et al., Hazards of Bisphenol a (BPA) Exposure: A Systematic Review of Plant Toxicology Studies, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 384, 2020, pp. 121488.
[10] M. Zaborowska, J. Wyszkowska et al., Bisphenol A-A Dangerous Pollutant Distorting the Biological Properties of Soil, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 23, 2021, pp. 12753.
[11] T. Vasiljevic, T. Harner, Bisphenol a and its Analogues in Outdoor and Indoor Air: Properties, Sources and Global Levels, The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 789, 2021, pp. 148013.
[12] X. Fan, G. Katuri et al., Simultaneous Measurement of 16 Bisphenol a Analogues in House Dust and Evaluation of Two Sampling Techniques, Emerging Contaminants, Vol. 7, 2021, pp. 1-9.
[13] S. Genuis, S. Beesoon et al., Human Excretion of Bisphenol A: Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2012, pp. 185731.
[14] H. Chau, K. Kadokami et al., Occurrence of 1153 Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment of Vietnam, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, No. 8, 2018, pp. 7147-7156.
[15] R. Guo, Y. Du et al., Bioaccumulation and Elimination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the Alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the Potential for Trophic Transfer to the Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 227, 2017, pp. 460-467.
[16] F. Acconcia, V. Pallottini et al., Molecular Mechanisms of Action of BPA, Dose-Response, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1-9.
[17] J. Naciff, M. Jump et al., Gene Expression Profile Induced by 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol, Bisphenol A, and Genistein in the Developing Female Reproductive System of the Rat, Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 68, No. 1, 2002, pp. 184-199.
[18] W. Qiu, S. Liu et al., The Comparative Toxicities of BPA, BPB, BPS, BPF, and BPAF on the Reproductive Neuroendocrine System of Zebrafish Embryos and its Mechanisms, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 406, 2021, pp. 124303.
[19] G. T. Miller, S. Spoolman, Essentials of Ecology, 5th Eds, United States: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Australia, 2009, pp. 58.
[20] A. Li, P. Leung et al., Temperature-dependent Physiological and Biochemical Responses of the Marine Medaka Oryzias melastigma with Consideration of Both Low and High Thermal Extremes, Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 54, 2015, pp. 98-105.
[21] X. Cao, J. Corriveau, Migration of Bisphenol a from Polycarbonate Baby and Water Bottles into Water under Severe Conditions, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 15, 2008, pp. 6378-6381.
[22] N. Lin, D. Ma et al., Migration of Bisphenol a and its Related Compounds in Canned Seafood and Dietary Exposure Estimation, Food Quality and Safety, Vol. 6, 2022, pp. 1-12.
[23] A. Little, F. Seebacher, Temperature Determines Toxicity: Bisphenol a Reduces Thermal Tolerance in Fish, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 197, 2015, pp. 84-89.
[24] G. Holloway, R. Sibly et al., Evolution in Toxin-stressed Environments, Functional Ecology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1990, pp. 289-294.
[25] OECD, Test No. 236: Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, No. 236, 2013.
[26] C. Scopel, C. Sousa et al., BPA Toxicity During Development of Zebrafish Embryo, Brazilian Journal of Biology, Vol. 81, No. 2, 2021, pp. 437-447.
[27] J. Maes, L. Verlooy et al., Evaluation of 14 Organic Solvents and Carriers for Screening Applications in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae, PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, No. 10, 2012, pp. e43850.
[28] A. Hallare, K. Nagel et al., Comparative Embryotoxicity and Proteotoxicity of Three Carrier Solvents to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2006, pp. 378-88.
[29] E. Gyimah, H. Xu et al., Developmental Neurotoxicity of Low Concentrations of Bisphenol a and S Exposure in Zebrafish, Chemosphere, Vol. 262, 2021, pp. 128045.
[30] J. Moreman, O. Lee et al., Acute Toxicity, Teratogenic, and Estrogenic Effects of Bisphenol a and its Alternative Replacements Bisphenol S, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol AF in Zebrafish Embryo-Larvae, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 51, No. 21, 2017, pp. 12796-12805.
[31] L. Reis, A. L. Benítez et al., Evaluation of the Toxicity of Bisphenol a in Reproduction and Its Effect on Fertility and Embryonic Development in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, 2022, pp. 962.
[32] C. Pype, E. Verbueken et al., Incubation at 32.5 °C and Above Causes Malformations in the Zebrafish Embryo, Reproductive Toxicology, Vol. 56, 2015, pp. 56-63.