Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ha Tinh Province Using Water Quality Index
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) was developed and applied to assessment of groundwater quality in Ha Tinh province. This study utilized water quality monitoring data in 2018 - 2020 period at 58 locations with a frequency of 4 times/year in 13 districts, towns and city in the province. Ten (10) parameters were selected (i = 1 - 10) to establish the GWQI, including: pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (HARD); sulfate (SO4), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium as nitrogen (N-NH4), nitrate as nitrogen (N-NO3), total dissolved iron (Fe), total dissolved manganese (Mn) and total coliform (TC). The weight (wi) of each parameter was based on principal component analysis (PCA) using monitoring data in 2018 and 2019. The sub-index (qi) of each parameter was determined by a linear function, based on the limit value specified in the National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality (QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT). The GWQI as a function of wi and qi was calculated by the multiplicate formula. The results showed that in 2020, in the province 21.1% of GWQI values classified as VERY GOOD or GOOD, 31.9% as AVERAGE, 33.2% as POOR and 13.8% as VERY POOR.
Keywords:
Groundwater, GWQI, PCA, Ha Tinh province.
References
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https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2023/3/01-btnmt-qc09.pdf, in Vietnamese/, 2023 (accessed on: Jan 14th, 2024).
[3] T. Abbasi, S. A. Abbasi, Water Quality Indices, Elsevier, 2012.
[4] R. Noori, R. Berndtsson, M. Hosseinzadeh, J. F. Adamowski, M. R. Abyaneh, A Critical Review on the Application of the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index, Environ, Pollut., Vol. 244, 2019, pp. 575-587, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.076.
[5] A. A. Bordalo, R. Teixeira, W. J. Wiebe, A Water Quality Index Applied to an International Shared River Basin: The Case of the Douro River, Environ, Manage., Vol. 38, No. 6, 2006, pp. 910-920, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0037-6.
[6] N. Adimalla, H. Qian, Groundwater Quality Evaluation using Water Quality Index (WQI) for Drinking Purposes and Human Health Risk (HHR) Assessment in an Agricultural Region of Nanganur, South India, Ecotoxicol, Environ. Saf., Vol. 176, 2019, pp. 153-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066.
[7] N. R. Ekere, V. E. Agbazue, B. U. Ngang, J. N. Ihedioha, Hydrochemistry and Water Quality Index of Groundwater Resources in Enugu North District, Enugu, Nigeria, Environ, Monit, Assess., Vol. 191, No. 3, 2019,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7271-0.
[8] J. Barbosa Filho, I. B. de Oliveira, Development of a Groundwater Quality Index: GWQI, for the Aquifers of the State of Bahia, Brazil using Multivariable Analyses, Sci. Rep., Vol. 11, No. 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95912-9.
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A. N. Hai, B. T. Minh, N. P. T. Tuyet, V. T. H. Minh, H. T. Tan, H. T. Ngoc, L. L. Khanh, H. L. T. Hai. Application of Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) and GIS in Groundwater Quality Zoing in Pleistocene Aquifer in Phu My Town, Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province, Science and Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth and Environment, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020, pp. 149-161 (in Vietnamese), https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i1.525.
[10] N. S. Rao, B. Sunitha, N. Adimalla, M. Chaudhary, Quality Criteria for Groundwater use from a Rural Part of Wanaparthy District, Telangana State, India, through Ionic Spatial Distribution (ISD), Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Environ, Geochem, Health, Vol. 42,
No. 2, 2020, pp. 579-599, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00393-5.
[11] H. N. Van, H. N. Viet, K. T. Trung, P. N. Hai, C. N. D. Giang, A Comprehensive Procedure to Develop Water Quality Index: A Case Study to the Huong River in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam, PLoS One, Vol. 17, No. 9, 2022, pp. e0274673, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274673.
[12] Prime Minister of Vietnam, 1163/QD-TTg, Decision Approving the Planning of Ha Tinh Province for the Period 2021-2030, with a Vision to 2050, Hanoi, November 8, 2022.
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[14] M. E. Soltan, Evaluation of Ground Water Quality in Dakhla Oasis (Egyptian Western Desert), Environ, Monit. Assess., Vol. 57, No. 2, 1999, pp. 157-168, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005948930316.
[15] M. Prasad, V. Sunitha, Y. S. Reddy, B. Suvarna, B. M. Reddy, M. R. Reddy, Data on Water Quality Index Development for Groundwater Quality Assessment from Obulavaripalli Mandal, YSR district, A. P India, Data Br., Vol. 24, Jun. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103846.
[16] M. Tripathi, S. K. Singal, Allocation of Weights using Factor Analysis for Development of a Novel Water Quality Index, Ecotoxicol, Environ. Saf., Vol. 183, No. August, 2019, pp. 109510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510.
[17] C. Coletti, R. Testezlaf, T. A. P. Ribeiro, R. T. G. D. Souza, D. D. A. Pereira, Water Quality Index using Multivariate Factorial Analysis, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agric, Ambient., Vol. 14, No. 5, 2010, pp. 517-522, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000500009.
[18] MOH, QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT - National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality, 2018 (in Vietnamese).
[19] J. N. Miller, J. C. Miller, The Quality of Analytical Measurements, 2010,
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/tech.2004.s248/, 2010 (accessed on: July 14th, 2021).
[20] C. Rivera, R. Rodriguez, Horwitz Equation as Quality Benchmark in ISO-IEC 17025 Horwitz Ratio (HorRat ), IIE Annu. Conf., Vol. 5, 2010, pp. 1-6.
[21] D. J. Denis, Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics using R: Quantitative tools for data analysis and data science. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119549963.
[22] A. Afifi, S. May, R. A. Donatello, V. A. Clark, Practical Multivariate Analysis, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315203737.