Synthesis of MgFe2O4/WO3 Photocatalyst for Enhanced Removal of Methylene Blue from Water
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, a series of photocatalytic materials based on MgFe2O4 and WO3 semiconductors with various MgFe2O4/WO3 mass ratios (1:4), (1:3), (1:2), (2:1), (3:1), and (4:1) were successfully synthesized using hydrothermal method under mild conditions. The results showed that all synthesized composites exhibited visible light absorption, with band gap energies ranging from 1.92 eV to 2.06 eV. The coupling of MgFe2O4 with WO3 significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance by effectively suppressing the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Among the produced composites, MgFe2O4/WO3 (3:1) material demonstrated the most efficient charge separation, leading to excellent degradation efficiencies regarding the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) organic dye in water. MgFe2O4/WO3 (3:1) photocatalyst presented a MB degradation efficiency of bout 81%, corresponding to 1.64 times higher than that of pure MgFe2O4 and 2.67 times greater than that of WO3. These results suggest that the synergy between MgFe2O4 and WO3 effectively reduces the recombination rate of charge carriers, thereby improving the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The degradation of MB followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, with R2 within the range of 0.9769 - 0.9987 while HO• and O2•- were main reactive species responsible for MB degradation process. This finding highlights the potential use of MgFe2O4/WO3 photocatalysts for wastewater treatment application.
Keywords:
Organic dyes, visible-light driven photocatalyst, water treatment, kinetics, enhanced photocatalytic performance.
References
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[5] T. H. Le, D. T. Tran, T. P. T. Vu, L. D. Nghiem, A Novel Tertiary Magnetic ZnFe2O4/BiOBr/rGO Nanocomposite Catalyst for Photodegrading Organic Contaminants by Visible Light, Sci. Total Environ, Vol. 891, 2023, pp. 164358,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164358.
[6] D. T. Tran, T. T. U. Bui, A. T. Phan, T. B. Pham, Boosting Tetracycline Degradation by Integrating MIL-88A (Fe) with CoFe2O4 Persulfate Activators, Environ, Technol, Innov, Vol. 33, 2024, pp. 103502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103502.
[7] D. T. Tran, T. H. Nguyen, T. P.T. Vu, V. Q. Dang, T. T. T. Le, H. T. Van, Cu-ZnO/CdS/rGO Tertiary Heterojunction for Improved Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Dyes Using Visible Light, J. Water Process Eng,
Vol. 57, 2024, pp. 104687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104687.
[8] T. P. T. Vu, D. T. Tran, Q. T. Pham, Novel CdS/MIL-88A Heterojunction Coupled with H2O2/Air-Nanobubbles for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance, J. Clean. Prod, Vol. 380, 2022, pp. 135007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135007.
[9] D. T. Tran, T. P. T. Vu, S. Kongmany, Accelerating Antibiotic Degradation by Integrating Tertiary Magnetic ZnFe2O4/BiVO4/rGO Heterojunction with Ozone-Nanobubbles, Chem. Eng. J, Vol. 494, 2024, pp. 153306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.153306.
[10] R. M. Surya, Y. Yulizar, A. H. Cahyana, D. O. B. Apriandanu, One-Pot Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Leaf Extract-Mediated Preparation of MgFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Optical, Structural, Morphological and Particle Size Analyses, Solid State Commun, Vol. 326, 2021, pp. 114170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2020.114170.
[11] A. Kiani, G. Nabiyouni, S. Masoumi, D. Ghanbari, A Novel Magnetic MgFe2O4–MgTiO3 Perovskite Nanocomposite: Rapid Photo-Degradation of Toxic Dyes under Visible Irradiation, Compos. B: Eng, Vol. 175, 2019, pp. 107080, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107080.
[12] N. R . Su, P. Lv, M. Li, X. Zhang, M. Li, J. Niu, Fabrication of MgFe2O4–ZnO Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Application of Organic Pollutants, Mater. Lett. Vol. 122, 2014, pp. 201-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.12.106.
[13] J. Jia, X. Du, Q. Zhang, E. Liu, J. Fan, Z-scheme MgFe2O4/Bi2MoO6 Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity for Malachite Green Removal, Appl. Surf. Sci, Vol. 492, 2019, pp. 527-539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.258.
[14] T. P. T. Vu, D. T. Tran, V. C. Dang, Novel N,C,S-TiO2/WO3/rGO Z-scheme Heterojunction with Enhanced Visible-Light Driven Photocatalytic Performance, J. Colloid Interface Sci, Vol. 610, 2021, pp. 49-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.050.
[15] L. Cheng, Y. Zhang, W. Fan, Y. Ji, Synergistic Adsorption Photocatalysis for Dyes Removal by a Novel Biochar-Based Z-Scheme Heterojunction BC/2ZIS/WO3: Mechanistic Investigation and Degradation Pathways, Chem. Eng. J, Vol. 445, 2022, pp. 136677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136677.
[16] M. B. Tahir, Microbial Photoelectrochemical Cell for Improved Hydrogen Evolution Using Nickel Ferrite Incorporated WO3 under Visible Light Irradiation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, Vol. 44, 2019, pp. 17316-17322,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.067.
[17] M. L. Barbosa, M. J. S. Costa, A. E. B. Lima, A. M. Batista, E. Longo, R. S. Cavalcante, L. S. Santos, Anionic and Cationic Dyes Removal by Degradation via Photoelectrocatalysis Using a WO3/CuWO4 Heterojunction Film as a Photoanode, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects, Vol. 35, 2023, pp. 100993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.100993.
[18] D. T. Tran, T. D. To, T. H. Le, Q. T. Dao, L. D. Nghiem, Synthesis of Highly Effective and Easily Recoverable MIL-100(Fe)/MgFe2O4 Adsorbent for Enhanced Antibiotic Removal from Water, J. Ind. Eng. Chem, Vol. 147, 2025, pp. 149-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.12.009.
[19] T. N. Anh, N. T. Hien, V. T. Tran, D. T. H. Linh, N. T. Hanh, L. T. Do, N. H. Vu, N. M. Hoang, D. V. Quang, D. V. Dao, 92.58% Efficiency of Solar-Driven Degradation of Tetracycline Solution by Pt/WO3 Nanohybrid, Inorg. Chem. Commun, Vol. 161, 2024, pp. 112100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112100.
[20] B. R. Thombare, P. R. Dusane, P. K. Bankar, G. S. Lole, A. B. Deore, C. V. Khedkar, P. S. Badgujar, D. S. Gavhane, M. A. More, S. I. Patil, Photoelectron Properties and Enhanced Field Electron Emission of Cobalt Ferrite Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom, Vol. 260, 2022, pp. 147245,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2022.147245.
[21] D. T. Tran, V. N. Nguyen, rGO Persulfate Metal Free Catalytic System for the Degradation of Tetracycline: Effect of Reaction Parameters, Mater. Res. Express, Vol. 7, 2020, pp. 075501, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab9e47.
[22] D. T. Tran, T. H. Nguyen, T. H. Doan, V. C. Dang, L. D. Nghiem, Removal of Direct Blue 71 and Methylene Blue from Water by Graphene Oxide: Effects of Charge Interaction and Experimental Parameters, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol, Vol. 44, 2022, pp. 2508-2519, https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2022.2102034.
[23] K. M. Katubi, A. Murtaza, H. M. Asif, Z. A. Alrowaili, M. S. Al Buriahi, S. Munir, M. F. Warsi, Fabrication and Characterization of Ternary Composite MgFe2O4/MoO3@CNTs for the Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity to Degrade Organic Pollutants, J. Alloys Compd, Vol. 978, 2024, pp. 173327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.173327.
[24] T. A. T. Do, D. T. Nguyen, T. G. Ho, H. T. Giang, Q. N. Pham, T. H. L. Nghiem, T. H. Nguyen, M. T. Man, Mechanism of Simultaneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B and Cr(VI) under Visible Light Using WO3 Nanotubes, Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol, Vol. 15, 2024, pp. 015010, https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/ad2c7f.
[25] N. Moghni, H. Boutoumi, H. Khalaf, N. Makaoui, G. Colón, Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2/WO3 Nanocomposite from Sonochemical Microwave Assisted Synthesis for the Photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin and Oxytetracycline Antibiotics under UV and Sunlight, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem, Vol. 428, 2022, pp. 113848,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113848.
[26] J. Zhang, M. Yan, G. Sun, X. Li, K. Liu, Visible Light Photo Fenton Catalytic MgFe2O4 Spinel: Reaction Sintering Synthesis and DFT Study, J. Alloys Compd, Vol. 889, 2021, pp. 161673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161673.
[27] F. Peng, S. Wang, W. Yu, T. Huang, Y. Sun, C. Cheng, X. Chen, J. Hao, N. Dai, Ultrasensitive ppb-Level H2S Gas Sensor at Room Temperature Based on WO3/rGO Hybrids, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron, Vol. 31, 2020, pp. 5008-5016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03067-6.
[28] R. Justinabraham, A. Durairaj, S. Vasanthkumar, Preparation of a Silver Ferrite Assisted Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite for Efficient Sonocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Activated by PMS Followed by Toxicity Evaluation, New J. Chem, Vol. 48, 2024, pp. 4482-4495, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NJ00390J.
[29] S. H. Baek, J. Yun, S. H. Lee, H. W. Lee, Y. Kwon, K. R. Park, Y. Song, B. S. Kim, R. Kwak, H. Hwang, D. W. Jeong, Real Time Analysis and Prediction Method of Ion Concentration Using the Effect of O-H Stretching Bands in Aqueous Solutions Based on ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy, RSC Adv, Vol. 14, 2024, pp. 20073-20080, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA01473A.