Fabrication of Composite Material Based on Lignin Extracted from Sugarcane Bagasse and Modified with Chitosan for the Treatment of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Environment
Main Article Content
Abstract
A potential adsorbent material was synthesized based on the interaction between chitosan and lignin, aimed at adsorbing and treating methylene blue (MB) in aqueous environments. The highlight of this study is that the lignin was extracted from sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural by-product, aligning with green and circular economy principles. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis of the material showed the formation of bonds between chitosan and lignin, implying the successful creation of a new material - chitosan/lignin composite material. The effects of factors such as reaction temperatures, contact time, initial concentrations, and chitosan/lignin ratios on the MB adsorption of the material were investigated to evaluate the applicability of the material in dye-contaminated wastewater treatment. Experimental results indicate that the material with a chitosan/lignin ratio of 1.5/3 (mL/g) exhibited the best treatment efficiency at room temperature within 60 min. In this study, isotherm adsorption models for MB on the material were also examined. The data show that the Langmuir model better describes the adsorption process than the Freundlich model. The research findings demonstrate that the chitosan/lignin material has the capability to treat dyes in water under normal conditions, highlighting its potential application in treating textile dyeing wastewater.
Keywords:
Methylene blue, chitosan, lignin, sugarcane bagasse, dye treatment.
References
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[23] D. Mekuria, A. Diro, F. Melak, T. G. Asere, Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Using Biowaste Materials: Barley Bran and Enset Midrib Leaf, Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 2022, No. 1, 2022, pp. 4849758, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4849758.
[2] L. Mazzeo, D. Marzi, I. Bavasso, V. Piemonte, L. D. Palma, Removal of Methylene Blue from Wastewater by Waste Roots from the Arsenic-Hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata: Fixed Bed Adsorption Kinetics, Materials, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2023, pp. 1450, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041450.
[3] P. O. Oladoye, T. O. Ajiboye, E. O. Omotola, O. J. Oyewola, Methylene Blue Dye: Toxicity and Potential Elimination Technology from Wastewater, Results in Engineering, Vol. 16, 2022, pp. 100678, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100678.
[4] M. Liugė, T. Paulauskienė, P. Dainius, J. Kumpienė, Removal of Textile Dyes from Water Using Cellulose Aerogel, Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2024, pp. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2024-0004.
[5] P. Dwivedi, A. K. Rathore, D. Srivastava, R. P. Vijayakumar, Mechanistic Impact of Sodium Nitrate on the Characteristics of MWCNTS Oxidation and Potential Application on Methylene Blue Adsorption from Wastewater, Waste Management Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2025, pp 207-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2025.01.005.
[6] H. E. Okur, Rietveld Refinement-based Structural Analysis of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite and Its PVA Composite for Dye Removal, Materials Today Communications, Vol. 43, 2025, pp. 111723, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.111723.
[7] M. M. Gaber, H. Shokry, A. H. Hassanin, S. Awad, M. Samy, M. Elkady, Novel Palm Peat Lignocellulosic Adsorbent Derived from Agricultural Residues for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Textile Wastewater, Applied Water Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2025, pp. 32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02363-y.
[8] C. Cho, N. Aung, K. Thein, A. Khaing, L. Myo, T. Oo, A. Lwin, W. Phyo, Synthesis of Magnetite-Bentonite Nanocomposites for the Colour Removal of Textile Wastewater, Journal of Asia Research Centre, University of Yangon, Vol. 10, No. 1&2, 2024, pp. 21-32, https://meral.edu.mm/records/10703.
[9] M. Cavali, T. B. Hennig, N. L. Junior, B. Kim, V. Garnier, H. Benbelkacem, R. Bayard, A. Woiciechowski, W. Matias, A. Borges, Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sawdust and Sewage Sludge: Assessing the Potential of the Hydrochar as an Adsorbent and the Ecotoxicity of the Process Water, Applied Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2025, pp. 1052-1052, https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031052.
[10] D. Alemu, E. Getachew, A. K. Mondal, Study on the Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and Their Applications in the Biomedical Sector, International Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 2023, No. 1, 2023, pp. 5025341, https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5025341.
[11] T. Wang, M. Jiang, X. Yu, N. Niu, L. Chen, Application of Lignin Adsorbent in Wastewater Treatment: A Review, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 302, 2022, pp. 122116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122116.
[12] G. Pathiraja, Editorial: Advances in Nanotechnology for the Removal and Detection of Emerging Contaminants from Water, Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 13, 2025, pp. 1540487, https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1540487.
[13] S. Sohni, R. Hashim, H. Nidaullah, J. Lamaming, O. Sulaiman, Chitosan/nano-lignin Based Composite as a New Sorbent for Enhanced Removal of Dye Pollution from Aqueous Solutions, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 132, 2019, pp. 1304-1317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.151.
[14] Md. A. Mahmud, F. R. Anannya, Sugarcane Bagasse - A Source of Cellulosic Fiber for Diverse Applications, Heliyon, Vol. 7, No. 8, 2021, pp. e07771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07771.
[15] C. L. N. Hanh, L. H. V. Thanh, N. T. Tuan, N. T. B. Thuyen, N. T. N. Mai, N. T. M. Huyen, V. D. Tan, Size-controlled Synthesis of Lignin Particles from Sugarcane Bagasse Supported by Probe-type Sonication, CTU Journal of Science, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2022, pp. 51-65 (in Vietnamese), https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jvn.2022.036.
[16] R. Saadan, C. Hachimi Alaoui, A. Ihammi, M. Chigr, A. Fatimi, A Brief Overview of Lignin Extraction and Isolation Processes: From Lignocellulosic Biomass to Added-Value Biomaterials, Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2024, pp. 3, https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031003.
[17] V. Nair, A. Panigrahy, R. Vinu, Development of Novel Chitosan-Lignin Composites for Adsorption of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewater, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 254, 2014, pp. 491-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.045.
[18] X. Zhao, H. Zhao, A. Mei, L. Peng, J. Sun, Novel Chitosan/Lignin Hydrogel Prepared by the Mannich Reaction for Pb(II) and Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 285, 2025, pp. 138177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138177.
[19] A. Drabczyk, S. K. Kramarczyk, M. Głąb, M. Kędzierska, A. Jaromin, D. Mierzwiński, B. Tyliszczak, Physicochemical Investigations of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Containing Aloe Vera Designed for Biomedical Use, Materials, Vol. 13, No. 14, 2020, pp. 3073, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143073.
[20] A. H. A. Rahim, Z. Man, A. Sarwono, W. S. W. Hamzah, N. M. Yunus, C. D. Wilfred, Extraction and Comparative Analysis of Lignin Extract from Alkali and Ionic Liquid Pretreatment, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1123, 2018, pp. 012052, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1123/1/012052.
[21] H. T. Abdulsahib, A. H. Taobi, S. S. Hashem, A Novel Coagulant Based on Chitosan and Lignin for the Removal of Bentonite from Raw Water, Advanced Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-10.
[22] I. B. Khemis, F. Aouaini, S. Knani, G. M. Albadrani, B. Graba, M. H. Dhaou, A. B. Lamine, A Chitosan-lignin Biocomposite Adsorbent for RO16 Dye and Cr(VI) Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions: New Interpretations via Experiments and Statistical Physics Analysis, BMC Chemistry Vol. 19, 2025, pp. 259, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01621-z.
[23] D. Mekuria, A. Diro, F. Melak, T. G. Asere, Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Using Biowaste Materials: Barley Bran and Enset Midrib Leaf, Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 2022, No. 1, 2022, pp. 4849758, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4849758.