Overview on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Water and Sediment Samples in Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), notably unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs), are a group of organic pollutants consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings. They are primarily generated through the incomplete combustion of organic materials and exhibit high toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and various adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. The contamination status and distribution characteristics of PAHs and Me-PAHs have been investigated through several case studies in various aquatic ecosystems across Vietnam. However, information about the analytical chemistry and environmental occurrence of PACs in Vietnamese water and sediment samples has not been comprehensively reviewed. Analytical procedures for PAHs in water and sediment typically comprise three main steps: solvent extraction, extract purification, and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). PAHs have been frequently detected in Vietnamese water and sediment samples at low to moderate concentration levels. Low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs, 2 to 3 rings) are dominant compounds in water, while high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs, 4 rings or more) tend to accumulate in sediment. Pyrogenic sources are estimated to be more abundant than petrogenic sources. The urbanization process and waste processing activities are major contributors to the emission of PAHs and their derivatives. Additional comprehensive and continuous studies on the analysis and assessment of PACs in Vietnamese aquatic environment are needed.
Keywords:
PAHs, Me-PAHs, water, sediment, Vietnam.
References
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[8] F. Jesus, J.L. Pereira, I. Campos, M. Santos, A. Ré, J. Keizer, A. Nogueira, F.J.M. Gonçalves, N. Abrantes, D. Serpa, A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons distribution in freshwater ecosystems and their toxicity to benthic fauna, Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 820, 2022, Article ID 153282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153282
[9] S. Ćirić, V. Mitić, S. Jovanović, M. Ilić, J. Nikolić, G. Stojanović, V. Stankov Jovanović, Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water by using thermally treated clinoptilolite, and their quantification by GC-MS, Mikrochim. Acta, Vol. 185, 2018, pp. 556, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-3091-0
[10] M. Albuquerque, M. Coutinho, C. Borrego, Long-term monitoring and seasonal analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured over a decade in the ambient air of Porto, Portugal, Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 543, 2016, pp. 439–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.064
[11] B.K. Brunk, G.H. Jirka, L.W. Lion, Effects of Salinity Changes and the Formation of Dissolved Organic Matter Coatings on the Sorption of Phenanthrene: Implications for Pollutant Trapping in Estuaries, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 31, 1997, pp. 119–125, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9602051
[12] I. Tolosa, S. de Mora, M.R. Sheikholeslami, J.P. Villeneuve, J. Bartocci, C. Cattini, Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments, Mar. Pollut. Bull., Vol. 48, 2004, pp. 44–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00255-8
[13] M.T. Anh, L.M. Triet, J.J. Sauvain, J. Tarradellas, PAH contamination levels in air particles and sediments of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 63, 1999, pp. 728–735, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289901040.
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[20] M. Saha, A. Togo, K. Mizukawa, M. Murakami, H. Takada, M.P. Zakaria, N.H. Chiem, B.C. Tuyen, M. Prudente, R. Boonyatumanond, S.K. Sarkar, B. Bhattacharya, P. Mishra, T.S. Tana, Sources of sedimentary PAHs in tropical Asian waters: Differentiation between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundance, Mar. Pollut. Bull., Vol. 58, 2009, pp. 189–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.049
[21] M. Kishida, K. Imamura, Y. Maeda, T.T.N. Lan, Y.A. Kim, P.H. Viet, Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Samples from Vietnam, J. Health Sci., Vol. 53, No. 3, 2007, pp. 291–301, https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.53.291
[22] K. Kadokami, S. Pan, D.T. Hanh, X. Li, T. Miyazaki, Development of a comprehensive analytical method for semi-volatile organic compounds in sediments by using an automated identification and quantification system with a GC-MS database, Anal. Sci., Vol. 28, No. 12, 2012, pp. 1183–1189, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.28.1183
[23] T.X. Quynh, V.D. Toan, Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in Surface Waters of the KimNguu River, Vietnam, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 103, 2019, pp. 734–738, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02710-1
[24] A.Q. Hoang, S. Takahashi, N.D. Le, T.T.H. Hoang, T.T. Duong, T.M.H. Pham, T.D. Nguyen, T.X.B. Phung, T.A.H. Nguyen, H.T. Le, M.T. Nguyen, M.B. Tu, Y.T.H. Nguyen, T.M.L. Nguyen, V.P. Phung, T.P.Q. Le, Unsubstituted and Methylated PAHs in Surface Sediment of Urban Rivers in the Red River Delta (Hanoi, Vietnam): Concentrations, Profiles, Sources, and Ecological Risk Assessment, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 107, 2021, pp. 475–486, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03174-y
[25] D.M.H. Giang, N.D. Hieu, C.T. Hue, P.T.N. Mai, N.T.A. Huong, H.Q. Anh, Analysis and Assessment of Contamination Degree and Emission Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs) in Surface Sediments from Central Coast of Vietnam, VNU J. Sci.: Nat. Sci. Technol., Vol. 40, 2024, pp. 64–72, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.5642
[26] N.D. Hieu, T.B. Minh, H.Q. Anh, Contamination Levels and Accumulation Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediments from South Central Coast of Vietnam, VNU J. Sci.: Nat. Sci. Technol., Vol. 40, 2024, pp. 64–72, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.5576
[27] R.C. Lao, C. Chiu, Y.Y. Shu, Environmental sample cleaning and extraction procedures by microwave-assisted process (MAP) technology, Microchem. J., Vol. 53, 1996, pp. 99–108, https://doi.org/10.1006/mchj.1996.0014
[28] Q.W. Zhang, L.G. Lin, W.C. Ye, Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review, Chin. Med., Vol. 13, 2018, Article ID 20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
[29] H.Q. Anh, I. Watanabe, L.H. Tuyen, N.M. Tue, N.T. Nghia, P.H. Viet, T.B. Minh, S. Takahashi, Comprehensive Monitoring of More Than 1000 Organic Micro-pollutants in Drainage Water: Case Study in a Rural Village with End-of-Life Vehicle Processing Activities in Northern Vietnam, Water Air Soil Pollut., Vol. 232, 2021, Article ID 14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04965-5
[30] H.T. Trinh, H. Marcussen, H.C.B. Hansen, G.T. Le, H.T. Duong, N.T. Ta, T.Q. Nguyen, S. Hansen, B.W. Strobel, Screening of inorganic and organic contaminants in floodwater in paddy fields of Hue and Thanh Hoa in Vietnam, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., Vol. 24, 2017, pp. 7348–7358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8433-7
[31] H.T.C. Chau, K. Kadokami, H.T. Duong, L. Kong, T.T. Nguyen, T.Q. Nguyen, Y. Ito, Occurrence of 1153 organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment of Vietnam, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., Vol. 25, 2018, pp. 7147–7156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5060-z
[32] C. Sun, J. Zhang, Q. Ma, Y. Chen, H. Ju, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from a river basin: sediment–water partitioning, source identification and environmental health risk assessment, Environ. Geochem. Health, Vol. 39, 2017, pp. 63–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9807-3
[33] R. Sarria-Villa, W. Ocampo-Duque, M. Páez, M. Schuhmacher, Presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during heavy rain episodes, and implications for risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 540, 2016, pp. 455–465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.020
[34] A. Nahar, M.A. Akbor, S. Sarker, M.A.B. Siddique, M.A.A. Shaikh, N.J. Chowdhury, S. Ahmed, M. Hasan, S. Sultana, Dissemination and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment of Buriganga and Dhaleswari rivers of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Heliyon, Vol. 9, 2023, pp. e18465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18465