Determining Heavy Metal Concentrations in Residential and Automobile Garage Dust in Hanoi, Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study describes a method for determining the heavy metal content in 20 indoor and garage dust samples in Hanoi using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The samples were processed using a microwave wet inorganic decomposition technique. The results showed that most of the surveyed metal elements were present in the dust samples. Fe and Zn were the two elements with the highest concentrations and were most commonly found in the most samples compared to other metals. Highly toxic metals such as Pb, Hg, As, Ni, etc., were detected in all samples studied. The metal content is arranged in decreasing order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Se > Hg > Sb > Cd > Ag > V. The Fe content is approximately 3339 µg/g – 132522 µg/g, followed by Zn in the range of 1371 µg/g – 11222 µg/g. The metals Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, and B are in the range of 0,220 µg/g – 305,5 µg/g. For highly toxic elements such as As, Sb, Hg, and Cd, the recorded content is lower, fluctuating between 0,070 µg/g – 30,020 µg/g. The research results provide important data on the levels of heavy metal pollution in urban environmental dust, contributing to the assessment of exposure risks and potential impacts on human health.
References
[2] T. L. Thatcher, D. W. Layton, Deposition, Resuspension, and Penetration of Particles within a Residence, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 29, Issue. 13, 1995, pp. 1487–1497.
[3] M. Lidia, Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4F, 2004, pp. 117–147.
[4] D. W. Layton, P. I. Beamer, Migration of Contaminated Soil and Airborne Particulates to Indoor Dust, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 43, Issue. 21, 2009, pp. 8199–8205.
[5] J. W. Roberts, L. A. Wallace, D. E. Camann, P. Dickey, S. G. Gilbert, R. G. Lewis et al., Monitoring and Reducing Exposure of Infants to Pollutants in House Dust, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 201, 2009, pp. 1–39.
[6] C. S. Mitchell, J. J. Zhang, T. Sigsgaard,
M. Jantunen, P. J. Lioy, R. Samson et al., Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115, Issue. 6, 2007, pp. 958–964.
[7] F. Wu, D. Jacobs, C. S. Mitchell, D. Miller, M. H. Karol, Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health: Impediments and Policy Recommendations, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115, Issue. 6, 2007, pp. 953–957.
[8] J. Nastov, R. Tan, P. Dingle, The use of Fibre Technology to Control Surface Dust and Bacteria Contamination, Environmental Science Report Series, School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Australia, Vol. 72, Issue. 03-1, 2003, pp. 64–72.
[9] M. G. Gibson, J. G. Farmer, Multi-step Chemical Extraction of Heavy Metals from Urban Soils, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 11, 1986, pp. 117–135.
[10] R. M. Harrison, D. P. H. Laxen, S. J. Wilson, Chemical Association of Lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in Street Dust and Roadside Soil, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 15, Issue. 11, 1981, pp. 1378–1383.
[11] I. Thornton, Metal Contamination of Soils in Urban Areas, In: Bullock, P., Gregory, P. J. (Eds.), Soils in the Urban Environment, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991, pp. 47–75.
[12] P. E. Rasmussen, Can Metal Concentrations in Indoor Dust Be Predicted from Soil Geochemistry? Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 19, 2004, pp. 166–174.
[13] G. Chattopadhyay, C. P. K. Lin, A. J. Feitz, Household Dust Metal Levels in the Sydney Metropolitan Area, Environmental Research, Vol. 93, Issue. 3, 2003, pp. 301–307.
[14] S. T. Y. Tong, K. C. Lam, Home Sweet Home? A Case Study of Household Dust Contamination in Hong Kong, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 256, Issue. 2–3, 2000, pp. 115–123.
[15] J. O. Nriagu, A Silent Epidemic of Environmental Metal Poisoning? Environmental Pollution, Vol. 50, 1988, pp. 139–161.
[16] P. Beamer, M. E. Key, A. C. Ferguson, R. A. Canales, W. Auyeung, J. O. Leckie, Quantified Activity Pattern Data from 6 to 27 Month-old Farmworker Children for Use in Exposure Assessment, Environmental Research, Vol. 108, 2008, pp. 239–246.
[17] T. Chirenje, L. Q. Ma, L. Lu, Retention of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by Wood Ash, Lime and Fume Dust, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 171, 2006, pp. 301–314.
[18] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 1–49.
[19] N. T. T. Thuy, H. Q. Anh, V. X. Truong, N. D. Vinh, P. H. Giang, T. B. Minh, Comprehensive Insight into Heavy Metal(loids) in Road Dust from Industrial and Urban Areas in Northern Vietnam: Concentrations, Fractionation Characteristics, and Risk Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 104, 2022, pp. 4027–4046.
[20] S. Sobhanardakani, Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Through Exposure to Household Dust (Case Study: City of Khorramabad, Iran), Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, Vol. 16, Issue. 4, 2019, Article e86594.