Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of benzophenone and its derivatives in settled dust samples
Main Article Content
Abstract
Benzophenone and its derivatives (BPs) are widely used in various consumer products as effective UV filters. However, they are endocrine-disrupting micropollutants with adverse effects in laboratory animals. In this work, an LC-MS/MS-based method for the determination of BP and nine of its derivatives in settled dust samples was developed. Sample preparation involved extracting with the mixture of methanol/DCM (1/1, v/v), cleaning through a SPE cartridge packed with sodium sulfate and Florisil. The target compounds were eluted with 5 mL of methanol, then concentrated under a gentle stream of nitrogen to 1 mL before transferring to a LC vial for instrumental analysis. The calibration curves of all target compounds were established in the concentration range of 0.5–500 ng/mL. The mean recoveries of target and surrogate standards ranged from 82.4 to 107%. The method quantification limit (MQL) of individual target compounds in dust samples was in the range of 0.06–0.6 ng/g.
Keywords:
Benzophenone; BP-3; LC-MS/MS; Dust sample; Method development, Validation
References
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[7] L. Carstensen, S. Beil, H. Bornick, S. Stolte, Structure-related endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental transformation products of benzophenone-type UV filters: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. Vol. 430, 2022, 128495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128495.
[8] T. Suzuki, S. Kitamura, R. Khota, K. Sugihara, N. Fujimoto, S. Ohta, Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 17 benzophenone derivatives used as UV stabilizers and sunscreens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Vol. 203, 2005, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.07.005.
[9] G. Wejnerowska, I. Narloch, Determination of benzophenones in water and cosmetics samples: a comparison of solid-phase extraction and microextraction by packed sorbent methods. Molecules Vol. 26, 2021, 6896–6910. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules26226896.
[10] N.I. Chang, M.Y. Yoo, S.H. Lee, Determination of fourteen sunscreen agents in cosmetics using high-performance liquid chromatography. Int. J. Cosmetic Sci. Vol. 37, 2015, 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12171.
[11] S. Lu, F. Long, P. Lu, B. Lei, Z. Jiang, G. Liu, J. Zhang, S. Ma, Y. Yu, Benzophenone UV filters in personal care products and urine of schoolchildren from Shenzhen, China: exposure assessment and possible source. Sci. Total Environ. Vol. 640–641, 2018, 1214–1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.015.
[12] G.J. Nohynek, E. Antignac, T. Re, H. Toutain, Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Vol. 243, 2010, 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.001.
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[14] T. M. Tran, H. T. Le, N. D. Vu, G. H. M. Dang, T. B. Minh, & K. Kannan, Cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor air from several northern cities in Vietnam: Levels, spatial distribution and human exposure, Chemosphere. Vol. 184, 2017, 1117-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.092.
[15] I. Narloch, G. Wejnerowska, An overview of the analytical methods for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in cosmetic products and human samples, Molecules. Vol. 26, 2021, 4780. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164780.
[16] T.M. Tran, T.M. Le, T.B. Minh, K. Kannan, Occurrence of phthalate diesters in indoor air from several Northern cities in Vietnam, and its implication for human exposure, Sci. Total Environ. Vol. 601, 2017, 1695-1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.016.
[17] H. K. Joe, Y. Chung, J.K. Ryu, Simultaneous determination of benzophenone-type UV filters in water and soil by chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A Vol. 113, 2006, 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.036.
[18] Z. M. Li and K. Kannan, Comprehensive survey of 14 benzophenone UV filters in sunscreen products marketed in the United States: Implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 56, 2022, 12473-12482. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03885.
[19] F. Mao, Y. He, and K. Y. H Gin, Occurrence and fate of benzophenone-type UV filters in aquatic environments: a review, Environ. Sci Water Res. Technol, Vol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EW00539G.
[20] H. Frederiksen, M. Krause, N. Jørgensen, A. Rehfeld, N. E. Skakkebæk, A. M. Andersson, UV filters in matched seminal fluid-, urine-, and serum samples from young men, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. Vol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-020-0209-3.
[21] N. Negreira, I. Rodríguez, M. Ramil, E. Rubí, R. Cela, Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of hydroxylated benzophenone UV absorbers in environmental water samples, Anal. Chim. Acta. Vol. 654, 2009, 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.033.
[22] M. C. Semones, C. M. Sharpless, A. A. Mackay, Y. P. Chin, Photodegradation of UV filters oxybenzone and sulisobenzone in wastewater effluent and by dissolved organic matter, Appl. Geochem. Vol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.02.008.
[23] Scientific committee on consumer safety (SCCS) of the European Union issued a find opinion on benzophenone-4, SCCS/1660/23, Vol. 2024. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/3784d1dc-0a4b-4177-ac2c-0a426f68de7d_en?filename=sccs_o_283.pdf.
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[28] Scientific committee on consumer products (SCCP) of the European Union issued a find opinion on 4-Methybenzylidene Camphor, SCCP/104225, Vol. 2006. https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_141.pdf.
[29] 2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone, ChemBK. https://www.chembk.com/en/chem/2-Hydroxy-4-Octyloxy%20Benzophenone.
[30] Screening Assessment Methanone, diphenyl- (Benzophenone), Environment and Climate Change Canada Health Canada, Vol. 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/evaluating-existing-substances/screening-assessment-benzophenone.html.
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