Survey and Assessment of Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Reducing the Health and Environmental Risks of Vegetable Production Activities inBinh Chanh District, Ho Chi Minh City
Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper presents the current state of using pesticides and Willingness to Pay (WTP) to reduce vegetable producers’ health and environmental risks in Binh Chanh District, Ho Chi Minh City. This study used random sampling method by investigating 60 households (30 normal farm households and 30 VietGAP households). The main contents cover assessment on the impacts of using pesticides, conducting WTP surveys to reduce health and environmental risks due to exposure to pesticides and analyzing marginal effects related to the Log - Lin regression model. Regarding the current, the normal vegetable producers tended to use more pesticides and exceed recommended doses compared to VietGAP group. The regression model explained 86,0 percent of the changes in farmers' WTP. The estimation results of the affecting factors to WTP showed that the variables such as agricultural promotion (X3), income (X4), amount of group I&II pesticides (X5), the frequency of exposure of group I&II pesticides (X7), and dummy variables GAP (GAP) were statistically significant (p<0,05). Therefore, the study proposed relevant solutions to reduce health and environmental risks in vegetable production for the safe use of pesticides.
Keywords:
Pesticides, WTP, risk, health, environment, Binh Chanh
References
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[2] L. T. N. Tuyet, The Sustainability of The Agricultural Economy, Food Security, and The Necessary To Protect The Health of Workers, Land, The Plants and The Environment, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2009
(in Vietnamese).
[3] World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Impact of Pesticides Used in Agriculture, WHO Press, Geneva, Witzerland, 1990, pp. 128, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39772, (accessed on: June 17th, 2019).
[4] World Health Organization (WHO), The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the Future, WHO Press, Geneva, Witzerland, 2003, pp. 204. https://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/, (accessed on: June 12th, 2019).
[5] World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Risks – 2009: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable To Selected Major Risks, WHO Press, Geneva, Witzerland, 2009, p. 62,
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[6] Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (FAO), Archive on Fertilizers and Pesticides, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Press, Rome, 2004, http://faostat.fao.org/site/429/default.aspx, (accessed on: July 9 th, 2018).
[7] C. Wilson, C. Tisdell, Why Farmers Continue to use Pesticides Despite Environmental, Health and Sustainability Costs?, Ecological Economics,
Vol. 39, No. 3, 2001, pp. 449-462, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00238-5.
[8] J. Jin, W. Wang, R. He, H. Gong, Pesticide Use and Risk Perceptions Among Small-Scale Farmers in Anqiu County, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Vol. 14, 2017, pp. 29, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010029.
[9] S. Luke, S. Steffanie, Organic Agriculture and Safe Vegatables in Vietnam: Implication for Agro-Food System Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2008.
[10] Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Decision No. 379/QD-BNN-KHCN - The Process of Good Agricultural Production Practices for Safe Fresh Vegetables and Fruits, Hanoi, 2008
(in Vietnamese).
[11] R. Cookson, Willingness to Pay Methods in Health Care: A Sceptical View, Health Economics, Vol. 12, No. 11, 2003, pp. 891-894, https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.847.
[12] A. Diener, B. O'Brien, A. Gafni, Health Care Contingent Valuation Studies: A Review and Classification of The Literature, Health Economics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1998, pp. 313-326.
[13] N. Hanley, M. Ryan, R. Wright, Estimating The Monetary Value of Health Care: Lessons from Environmental Economics, Health Economics, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2003, pp. 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.763.
[14] H. T. N. Quy, Impact of Improving The use of Pesticides in The VietGAP Standard on The Health Costs of Farmers in Nga Ba Giong Cooperative, Hoc Mon District, Ho Chi Minh City, Master Thesis, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, 2012 (in Vietnamese).
[15] H. Garming, H. Waibel, Pesticides and Farmer Health in Nicaragua: A Willingness-to-pay Approach To Evaluation, The European Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2009, pp. 125-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-008-0110-9.
[16] P. K. Shettyl, M. B. Hiremath, M. Murugan,
R. B. Nerli, Farmer`s Health Externalities in Pestidice Use Predominant Region in India, World Journal of Science & Technology, Vol. 1, 2011, pp. 1-11.
[17] O. Coulibaly, T. Nouhoheflin, C. C. Aitchedji,
A. J. Cherry, P. Adegbola, Households’ Perceptions and Willingness to Pay For Pesticide Free Grown, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 21, No. 23, 2011, pp. 13367-93.
[18] M. Khan, C. A. Damalas, Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Less Health Risks By Pesticide Use:
A Case Study from The Cotton Belt of Punjab, Pakistan, Science of the Total Environment,
Vol. 530-531, 2015, pp. 297-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.110.
[19] K. Jahangir, R. K. Aditya, H. L. Kar, U. J. Abbas, A. S. Syed, Willingness to Pay for Pesticide Free Fruits: Evidence from Pakistan, Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing,
Vol. 30, No. 4, 2018, pp. 392-408, https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2018.1449697.
[20] W. Wang, J. Jin, R. He, H. Gong, Y. Tian, Farmers' Willingness To Pay For Health Risk Reductions of Pesticide Use in China: A Contingent Valuation Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2018, pp. 625, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040625.
[21] T. T. D. Tran, H. Nomura, M. Yabe, Tourists’ Preferences Toward Ecotourism Development and Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation in Protected Areas of Vietnam – The Case of Phu My Protected Area, Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 7,
No. 8, 2015, pp. 81-89, https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n8p81.
[22] J. Othman, J. Bennett, R. Blamey, Environmental Values and Resource Management Options: A Choice Modelling Experience in Malaysia, Environment and Development Economics,
Vol. 9, No. 6, 2004, pp. 803-824, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X04001718.
[23] H. V. Khai, M. Yabe, Consumer Preferences for Agriculture Products Considering The Value of Biodiversity Conservation in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Journal of Nature Conservation,
Vol. 25, 2015, pp. 62-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.02.004.
[24] N. T. L. Ai, N. M. Tam, N. T. Q. Hung, N. M. Ky, Comparison and Evaluation of Willingness to Pay for Household Solid Waste in Bien Hoa and My Tho Cities, Journal of Science and Technology-The University of Danang, Vol. 110, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1-6 (in Vietnamese).
[25] K. Muhammad, Economic Evaluation of Health Cost of Pesticide Use: Willingness To Pay Method, Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2009, pp. 459-472.
[26] H. Garming, H. Waibel, Pesticides and Farmer Health in Nacaraqua: A Willing To Pay Approach, The European Journal of Health Economics,
Vol. 10, 2009, pp. 125-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-008-0110-9.
[27] A. Grube, D. Donaldson, R. Kiely, L. Wu, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage, 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 2011, pp. 41, https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/pesticides-industry-sales-and-usage-2006-and-2007-market-estimates, (accessed on: July 10th, 2019).
[28] H. Thinh, Pesticides and The Women and Public Health in The Rural Agriculture, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2009 (in Vietnamese).
[29] D. C. Daniel, Pesticides: A Double Edged Sword, The B/C Pulishing Company, Carlifornia, 1991.
[30] L. G. Heyley, W. K. Wintersteen, A Novel Aproach to Enviromental Risk Assesment of Pesticides as A Basic for Incorporating Enviromental Cost Into Economics Injury Levels, American Entomologist, Vol. 38, 1992, pp. 34-39, https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/38.1.34.
[31] L. C. M. Cuyno, G. W. A. Rola, Economic Analysis of Environmental Benefits of Integrated Pestmanagement: A Philippine Case Study, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 25, 2001, pp. 227-233.
[32] R. K. Gallardo, Q. Wang, Willingness to Pay for Pesticides’ Environmental Features and Social Desirabilitybias: The Case of Apple and Pear Growers, Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 38, 2013, pp. 124-139, https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.148250.
[33] S. Zheng, P. Xu, T. Lone, S. Song, Z. Wang, Chinese Vegetable Producers’ Willingness to Pay For Bio-Pesticides, Journal of Chinese Economics, Vol. 3, 2015, pp. 1-17.
[34] D. T. M. Hanh, D. T. T. Mai, T. T. Nam,
N. T. Tuynh, Factors Affecting Consumers’ Willingness To Pay For Safe Vegetables: A Case Study in Gia Lam and Long Bien District, Hanoi City, Journal of Science and Development, Vol. 13, No. 5, 2015, pp. 841-849 (in Vietnamese).
[35] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), National Review on Voluntary Standards - Country: Vietnam, Voluntary Standards, Food Quality Public Policies and Implementation Framework, Rome, 2012, pp. 50, https://agritrop.cirad.fr/566654/, (accessed on:
July 10th, 2019).
[36] H. Willer, M. Yussefi, The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2007, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Switzerland, 2007, https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10506/ (accessed on: April 7th, 2019).
[37] Department of Crop Production, The Results of Implementing Safe Vegetable Production According To VietGAP Standards in The Red River Delta Provinces, Hanoi, 2014
(in Vietnamese).