Evaluation of the Ability to Treat Saline and Acid Sulfate Soils of Biochar from Rice Husks in Greenhouse Conditions
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to i) Examine the dynamics of physicochemical parameters of saline acid sulfate soil as influenced by biochar made from rice husk; and ii) Evaluate the influence of biochar on the soil quality index. A greenhouse experiment was carried out by mixing biochar with the tested soil at ratios of 0; 0.7; 1.5; 3, and 6% (w/w) and incubating for 100 days. Experimental soil samples were taken on days 5, 15, 30, 60, and 100 to analyze for 11 physicochemical parameters. The soil quality index (SQI) was calculated based on the principal component/factor analysis (PCA/FA). The results showed that biochar increased the exchangeable concentration of K, Mg, Ca, and pH value while reducing the exchangeable concentration of Fe, and Al, as well as the values of Cl-, H+, and exchange acidity in the soil. Biochar changed the electrical conductivity (EC) and Na parameters, increasing them in the first few measurements while decreasing them in the last measurements. Biochar increased the SQI of the tested soil, even with a low biochar application rate of 0.7% after 100 days of the experiment. The study suggests that biochar made from rice husk could be a potential amendment for ameliorating saline acid sulfate soil.
Keywords:
Acidic-salt soil; biochar; rice husk; acidity; SQI index.
References
[1] S. Arora, A. K. Singh, Y. P. Singh, Diagnostic Properties and Constraints of Salt-affected Soils, in Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 41-52.
[2] J. Shamshuddin, A. E. Azura, M. A. R. S. Shazana, C. I. Fauziah, Q. A. Panhwar, U. A. Naher, Properties and Management of Acid Sulfate Soils in Southeast Asia for Sustainable Cultivation of Rice, Oil Palm, and Cocoa, Advances in Agronomy: Academic Press, 2014, pp. 91-142.
[3] Saifullah, S. Dahlawi, A. Naeem, Z. Rengel, R. Naidu, Biochar Application for the Remediation of Salt-affected Soils: Challenges and Opportunities, Sci Total Environ, Vol. 625, 2018, pp. 320-335.
[4] S. Amini, H. Ghadiri, C. Chen, P. Marschner, Salt-affected Soils, Reclamation, Carbon Dynamics, and Biochar: a Review, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016, pp. 939-953.
[5] V. Gunarathne, A. Senadeera, U. Gunarathne, J. K. Biswas, A. A. Yaser, V. Meththika, Potential of Biochar and Organic Amendments for Reclamation of Coastal Acidic-salt Affected Soil, Biochar, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020, pp. 107-120.
[6] A. E. Naggar, S. S. Lee, J. Rinklebe,
F. Muhammad, H. Song, A. K. Sarmahh, A. R. Zimmerman, M. Ahmad, S. M. Shaheen, Y. S. Ok, Biochar Application to Low Fertility Soils: a Review of Current Status, and Future Prospects. Geoderma, Vol. 337, pp. 536-554.
[7] E. Martí, J. Sierra, X. Domene, M. Mumbrú, C. Robert, A. G. María, One-year Monitoring of Nitrogen Forms after the Application of Various Types of Biochar on Different Soils. Geoderma, Vol. 402, No. 4, 2021, pp. 115178.
[8] Q. Q. Zhao, J. H. Bai, Y. C. Gao, H. X. Zhao,
G. L. Zhang, B. H. Cui, Shifts of Soil Bacterial Community along a Salinity Gradient in the Yellow River Delta, Land Degradation and Development, Vol. 31, No. 16, 2020, pp. 2255-2267.
[9] P. Pokharel, Z. Ma, S. X. Chang, Biochar Increases Soil Microbial Bio Mass with Changes in Extra-and Intracellular Enzyme Activities: a Global Meta-Analysis. Biochar, Vol. 2, 2020, pp. 65-79.
[10] Y. Wang, M. B. Villamil, P. C. Davidson,
N. Akdeniz, A Quantitative Understanding of the Role of Co-composted Biochar in Plant Growth Using Meta-analysis, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 685, 2019, pp. 741-752.
[11] X. X. Luo, G. C. Liu, Y. Xia, L. Chen, Z. X. Jiang, H. Zheng, Z. Wang, Use of Biocharcompost to Improve Properties and Productivity of the Degraded Coastal Soil in the Yellow River Delta, China, Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 17, 2017, pp. 780-789.
[12] S. Jeffery, F. G. A. Verheijen, M. van der Velde, A. C. Bastos, A Quantitative Review of the Effects of Biochar Application to Soils on Crop Productivity Using Meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 144, 2011,
pp. 175-187.
[13] T. Q. H. Nguyen, K. T. Le, M. K. Nguyen, T. N. H. Le, Potential of Biochar Production from Agriculture Residues at Household Scale: a Case Study in Go Cong Tay District, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam, Environment and Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 68-78.
[14] B. T. Nguyen, N. N. Trinh, C. M. T. Le, T. T. Nguyen, T. V. Tran, B. V. Thai, T. V. Le, The Interactive Effects of Biochar and Cow Manure on Rice Growth and Selected Properties of Salt-affected Soil, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 64, No. 12, 2018, pp. 1744-1758.
[15] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps, World Soil Resources Reports, FAO - Rome, No. 106, 2015.
[16] Z. Liu, W. Zhou, J. Long, P. He, G. Liang, H. Jin, A Simple Evaluation of Soil Quality of Waterlogged Purple Paddy Soils with Different Productivities, PLoS One, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2015,
pp. e0127690.
[17] E. P. A. Pratiwi, Y. Shinogi, Rice Husk Biochar Application to Paddy Soil and Its Efects on Soil Physical Properties, Plant Growth, and Methane Emission, Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2016, pp. 521-532.
[18] A. Singla, K. Inubushi, Effect of Biochar on CH4 and N2O Emission from Soils Vegetated with Paddy, Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 12, No.1, 2014, pp. 239-243.
[19] C. Knoblauch, A. A. Maarifat, E. M. Pfeiffer, M. H. Stephan, Degradability of Black Carbon and its Impact on Trace Gas Fluxes and Carbon Turnover in Paddy Soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 43, No. 9, 2011, pp. 1768-1778.
[20] B. T. Nguyen, J. Lehmann, Black Carbon Decomposition under Varying Water Regimes. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2009,
pp. 846-853.
[21] S. Hajrasuliha, D. K. Cassel, Y. Rezainejad, Estimation of Chloride Ion Concentration in Saline Soils from Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Soil Extracts, Geoderma, Vol. 49, No. 1, 1991, pp. 117-127.
[22] M. R. Carter, E. G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
[23] B. T. Nguyen, L. B. Le, L. P. Pham, H. T. Nguyen, T. D. Tran, N. V. Thai, The Effects of Biochar on the Biomass Yield of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach) and Properties of Acidic Soils, Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 161, 2021, pp. 113224.
[24] E. Farkas, V. Feigl, K. Gruiz, E. Vaszita, I. F. Kertész, M. Tolner, I. Kerekes, É. Pusztai, A. Kari, N. Uzinger, M. Rékási, C. Kirchkeszner, M. Molnár, Long-term Effects of Grain Husk and Paper Fibre Sludge Biochar on Acidic and Calcareous Sandy Soils – A Scale-up Field Experiment Applying a Complex Monitoring Toolkit, Science of the Total Environment,
Vol. 731, 2020, pp. 138988.
[25] X. Peng, L. L. Ye, C. H. Wang, H. Zhou, B. Sun, Temperature - and Duration-dependent Rice Straw-derived Biochar: Characteristics and Its Effects on Soil Properties of an Ultisol in Southern China. Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2011, pp. 159-166.
[26] K. Chan, Z. Xu, Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, In: Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S., Eds., Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, Earthscan, London, UK, 2009, pp. 67-84.
[27] A. E. Naggar, M. H. Lee, J. Hur, Y. H. Lee,
A. D. Igalavithana, S. M. Shaheen, C. Ryu, J. Rinklebe, D. C. W. Tsang, Y. S. Ok, Biochar-induced Metal Immobilization and Soil Biogeochemical Process: An Integrated Mechanistic Approach, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 698, 2019, pp. 134112.
[28] E. C. Suddick, J. Six, An Estimation of Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Quality Following the Amendment of High Temperature Walnut Shell Biochar and Compost to a Small-Scale Vegetable Crop Rotation, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 465, 2013, pp. 298-307.
[29] J. Zhang, G. Chen, H. Sun, S. Zhou, G. Zou, Straw Biochar Hastens Organic Matter Degradation and Produces Nutrient-rich Compost, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 200, 2016, pp. 876-883.
[30] F. Jing, X. Chen, X. Wen, W. Liu, S. Hu, Z. Yang, B. Guo, Y. Luo, Q. Yu, Y. Xu, Biochar Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Mobilization of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in Paddy Soil, Soil Use and Management, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2019,
pp. 320-327.
[31] B. Yousaf, G. Liu, R. Wang, M. Zia-ur-Rehman, M. S. Rizwan, M. Imtiaz, G. Murtaza, A. Shakoor, Investigating the Potential Influence of Biochar and Traditional Organic Amendments on the Bioavailability and Transfer of Cd in the Soil-plant System, Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 75, 2016, pp. 1-10.
[32] A. Ali, D. Guo, Y. Zhang, X. Sun, S. Jiang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, W. Liang, R. Li, Z. Zhang, Using Bamboo Biochar with Compost for the Stabilization and Phytotoxicity Reduction of Heavy Metals in Mine-contaminated Soils of China, Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 2017, pp. 2690.
[33] J. H. Yuan, R. K. Xu, The Amelioration Effects of Low Temperature Biochar Generated from Nine Crop Residues on an Acidic Ultisol, Soil Use and Management, Vol. 27, 2011, pp. 110-115.
[34] G. Cornelissen, Jubaedah, N. L. Nurida, S. E. Hale, V. Martinsen, L. Silvani, J. Mulder, Fading Positive Effect of Biochar on Crop Yield and Soil Acidity during Five Growth Seasons in an Indonesian Ultisol. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 634, 2018, pp. 561-568.
[35] H. Yu, W. Zou, J. Chen, H. Chen, Z. Yu, J. Huang, H. Tang, X. Wei, B. Gao, Biochar Amendment Improves Crop Production in Problem Soils: A Review, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 232, 2019, pp. 8-21.
[36] M. M. Masud, M. A. AlBaquy, S. Akhter, R. Sen, A. Barman, M. R. Khatun, Liming Effects of Poultry Litter Derived Biochar on Soil Acidity Amelioration and Maize Growth, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 202, 2020, pp. 110865.
[37] J. Major, M. Rondon, D. Molina, S. J. Riha,
J. Lehmann, Maize Yield and Nutrition During 4 Years after Biochar Application to a Colombian Savanna Oxisol, Plant Soil, Vol. 333, No. 1-2, 2010, pp. 117-128.
[38] Z. Dai, X. Zhang, C. Tang, N. Muhammad, J. Wu, P. C. Brookes, J. Xu, Potential Role of Biochars in Decreasing Soil Acidification-a Critical Review, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 581-582, 2017, pp. 60-611.
[39] R.Y. Shi, Z. N. Hong, J. Y. Li, J. Jiang, M. A. Kamran, R. K. Xu, W. Qian, Peanut Straw Biochar Increases the Resistance of Two Ultisols Derived from Different Parent Materials to Acidification: a Mechanism Study, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 210, 2018, pp. 171-179.
[40] Q. Lin, L. Zhang, M. Riaz, M. Zhang, H. Xia,
L. Bo, C. Jiang, Assessing the Potential of Biochar and Aged Biochar to Alleviate Aluminum Toxicity in an Acid Soil for Achieving Cabbage Productivity, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 161, 2018, pp. 290-295.
[41] L. M. Raboin, A. H. D. Razafimahafaly, M. B. Rabenjarisoa, B. Rabary, J. Dusserre, T. B. Raboin, Improving the Fertility of Tropical Acid Soils: Liming Versus Biochar Application? A Long-term Comparison in the Highlands of Madagascar, Field Crops Research, Vol. 199, 2016, pp. 99-108.
[42] M. Jia, J. Yu, Z. Li, L. Wu, P. Christie, Effects of Biochar on the Migration and Transformation of Metal Species in a Highly Acid Soil Contaminated with Multiple Metals and Leached with Solutions of Different pH. Chemosphere, Vol. 278, 2021,
pp. 130344.
[43] X. Zhang, J. Qua, H. Li, S. La, Y. Tian, L. Gao, Biochar Addition Combined with Daily Fertigation Improves Overall Soil Quality and Enhances Water-fertilizer Productivity of Cucumber in Alkaline Soils of a Semi-arid Region, Geoderma, Vol. 363, 2020, pp. 114170.
[44] T. Bera, H. P. Collins, A. K. Alva, T. J. Purakayastha, A. K. Patra, Biochar and Manure Effluent Effects on Soil Biochemical Properties under Corn Production, Applied Soil Ecology,
Vol. 107, 2016, pp. 360-367.
[45] N. Li, S. Wen, S. Wei, H. Li, Y. Feng, G. Ren,
G. Yang, X. Han, X. Wang, C. Ren, Straw Incorporation Plus Biochar Addition Improved the Soil Quality Index Focused on Enhancing Crop Yield and Alleviating Global Warming Potential, Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol. 21, 2021, pp. 101316.
[46] D. J. Kim, B. K. Ahn, J. H. Lee, Soil Quality Assessment Based on Different Properties of Remediated Soil Affected by Various Organic Amendments, Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2019, pp. 114-132.
[2] J. Shamshuddin, A. E. Azura, M. A. R. S. Shazana, C. I. Fauziah, Q. A. Panhwar, U. A. Naher, Properties and Management of Acid Sulfate Soils in Southeast Asia for Sustainable Cultivation of Rice, Oil Palm, and Cocoa, Advances in Agronomy: Academic Press, 2014, pp. 91-142.
[3] Saifullah, S. Dahlawi, A. Naeem, Z. Rengel, R. Naidu, Biochar Application for the Remediation of Salt-affected Soils: Challenges and Opportunities, Sci Total Environ, Vol. 625, 2018, pp. 320-335.
[4] S. Amini, H. Ghadiri, C. Chen, P. Marschner, Salt-affected Soils, Reclamation, Carbon Dynamics, and Biochar: a Review, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2016, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016, pp. 939-953.
[5] V. Gunarathne, A. Senadeera, U. Gunarathne, J. K. Biswas, A. A. Yaser, V. Meththika, Potential of Biochar and Organic Amendments for Reclamation of Coastal Acidic-salt Affected Soil, Biochar, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020, pp. 107-120.
[6] A. E. Naggar, S. S. Lee, J. Rinklebe,
F. Muhammad, H. Song, A. K. Sarmahh, A. R. Zimmerman, M. Ahmad, S. M. Shaheen, Y. S. Ok, Biochar Application to Low Fertility Soils: a Review of Current Status, and Future Prospects. Geoderma, Vol. 337, pp. 536-554.
[7] E. Martí, J. Sierra, X. Domene, M. Mumbrú, C. Robert, A. G. María, One-year Monitoring of Nitrogen Forms after the Application of Various Types of Biochar on Different Soils. Geoderma, Vol. 402, No. 4, 2021, pp. 115178.
[8] Q. Q. Zhao, J. H. Bai, Y. C. Gao, H. X. Zhao,
G. L. Zhang, B. H. Cui, Shifts of Soil Bacterial Community along a Salinity Gradient in the Yellow River Delta, Land Degradation and Development, Vol. 31, No. 16, 2020, pp. 2255-2267.
[9] P. Pokharel, Z. Ma, S. X. Chang, Biochar Increases Soil Microbial Bio Mass with Changes in Extra-and Intracellular Enzyme Activities: a Global Meta-Analysis. Biochar, Vol. 2, 2020, pp. 65-79.
[10] Y. Wang, M. B. Villamil, P. C. Davidson,
N. Akdeniz, A Quantitative Understanding of the Role of Co-composted Biochar in Plant Growth Using Meta-analysis, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 685, 2019, pp. 741-752.
[11] X. X. Luo, G. C. Liu, Y. Xia, L. Chen, Z. X. Jiang, H. Zheng, Z. Wang, Use of Biocharcompost to Improve Properties and Productivity of the Degraded Coastal Soil in the Yellow River Delta, China, Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 17, 2017, pp. 780-789.
[12] S. Jeffery, F. G. A. Verheijen, M. van der Velde, A. C. Bastos, A Quantitative Review of the Effects of Biochar Application to Soils on Crop Productivity Using Meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 144, 2011,
pp. 175-187.
[13] T. Q. H. Nguyen, K. T. Le, M. K. Nguyen, T. N. H. Le, Potential of Biochar Production from Agriculture Residues at Household Scale: a Case Study in Go Cong Tay District, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam, Environment and Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 68-78.
[14] B. T. Nguyen, N. N. Trinh, C. M. T. Le, T. T. Nguyen, T. V. Tran, B. V. Thai, T. V. Le, The Interactive Effects of Biochar and Cow Manure on Rice Growth and Selected Properties of Salt-affected Soil, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 64, No. 12, 2018, pp. 1744-1758.
[15] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps, World Soil Resources Reports, FAO - Rome, No. 106, 2015.
[16] Z. Liu, W. Zhou, J. Long, P. He, G. Liang, H. Jin, A Simple Evaluation of Soil Quality of Waterlogged Purple Paddy Soils with Different Productivities, PLoS One, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2015,
pp. e0127690.
[17] E. P. A. Pratiwi, Y. Shinogi, Rice Husk Biochar Application to Paddy Soil and Its Efects on Soil Physical Properties, Plant Growth, and Methane Emission, Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2016, pp. 521-532.
[18] A. Singla, K. Inubushi, Effect of Biochar on CH4 and N2O Emission from Soils Vegetated with Paddy, Paddy and Water Environment, Vol. 12, No.1, 2014, pp. 239-243.
[19] C. Knoblauch, A. A. Maarifat, E. M. Pfeiffer, M. H. Stephan, Degradability of Black Carbon and its Impact on Trace Gas Fluxes and Carbon Turnover in Paddy Soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 43, No. 9, 2011, pp. 1768-1778.
[20] B. T. Nguyen, J. Lehmann, Black Carbon Decomposition under Varying Water Regimes. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 8, 2009,
pp. 846-853.
[21] S. Hajrasuliha, D. K. Cassel, Y. Rezainejad, Estimation of Chloride Ion Concentration in Saline Soils from Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Soil Extracts, Geoderma, Vol. 49, No. 1, 1991, pp. 117-127.
[22] M. R. Carter, E. G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.
[23] B. T. Nguyen, L. B. Le, L. P. Pham, H. T. Nguyen, T. D. Tran, N. V. Thai, The Effects of Biochar on the Biomass Yield of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach) and Properties of Acidic Soils, Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 161, 2021, pp. 113224.
[24] E. Farkas, V. Feigl, K. Gruiz, E. Vaszita, I. F. Kertész, M. Tolner, I. Kerekes, É. Pusztai, A. Kari, N. Uzinger, M. Rékási, C. Kirchkeszner, M. Molnár, Long-term Effects of Grain Husk and Paper Fibre Sludge Biochar on Acidic and Calcareous Sandy Soils – A Scale-up Field Experiment Applying a Complex Monitoring Toolkit, Science of the Total Environment,
Vol. 731, 2020, pp. 138988.
[25] X. Peng, L. L. Ye, C. H. Wang, H. Zhou, B. Sun, Temperature - and Duration-dependent Rice Straw-derived Biochar: Characteristics and Its Effects on Soil Properties of an Ultisol in Southern China. Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2011, pp. 159-166.
[26] K. Chan, Z. Xu, Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, In: Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S., Eds., Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, Earthscan, London, UK, 2009, pp. 67-84.
[27] A. E. Naggar, M. H. Lee, J. Hur, Y. H. Lee,
A. D. Igalavithana, S. M. Shaheen, C. Ryu, J. Rinklebe, D. C. W. Tsang, Y. S. Ok, Biochar-induced Metal Immobilization and Soil Biogeochemical Process: An Integrated Mechanistic Approach, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 698, 2019, pp. 134112.
[28] E. C. Suddick, J. Six, An Estimation of Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Quality Following the Amendment of High Temperature Walnut Shell Biochar and Compost to a Small-Scale Vegetable Crop Rotation, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 465, 2013, pp. 298-307.
[29] J. Zhang, G. Chen, H. Sun, S. Zhou, G. Zou, Straw Biochar Hastens Organic Matter Degradation and Produces Nutrient-rich Compost, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 200, 2016, pp. 876-883.
[30] F. Jing, X. Chen, X. Wen, W. Liu, S. Hu, Z. Yang, B. Guo, Y. Luo, Q. Yu, Y. Xu, Biochar Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Mobilization of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in Paddy Soil, Soil Use and Management, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2019,
pp. 320-327.
[31] B. Yousaf, G. Liu, R. Wang, M. Zia-ur-Rehman, M. S. Rizwan, M. Imtiaz, G. Murtaza, A. Shakoor, Investigating the Potential Influence of Biochar and Traditional Organic Amendments on the Bioavailability and Transfer of Cd in the Soil-plant System, Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 75, 2016, pp. 1-10.
[32] A. Ali, D. Guo, Y. Zhang, X. Sun, S. Jiang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, W. Liang, R. Li, Z. Zhang, Using Bamboo Biochar with Compost for the Stabilization and Phytotoxicity Reduction of Heavy Metals in Mine-contaminated Soils of China, Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, 2017, pp. 2690.
[33] J. H. Yuan, R. K. Xu, The Amelioration Effects of Low Temperature Biochar Generated from Nine Crop Residues on an Acidic Ultisol, Soil Use and Management, Vol. 27, 2011, pp. 110-115.
[34] G. Cornelissen, Jubaedah, N. L. Nurida, S. E. Hale, V. Martinsen, L. Silvani, J. Mulder, Fading Positive Effect of Biochar on Crop Yield and Soil Acidity during Five Growth Seasons in an Indonesian Ultisol. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 634, 2018, pp. 561-568.
[35] H. Yu, W. Zou, J. Chen, H. Chen, Z. Yu, J. Huang, H. Tang, X. Wei, B. Gao, Biochar Amendment Improves Crop Production in Problem Soils: A Review, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 232, 2019, pp. 8-21.
[36] M. M. Masud, M. A. AlBaquy, S. Akhter, R. Sen, A. Barman, M. R. Khatun, Liming Effects of Poultry Litter Derived Biochar on Soil Acidity Amelioration and Maize Growth, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 202, 2020, pp. 110865.
[37] J. Major, M. Rondon, D. Molina, S. J. Riha,
J. Lehmann, Maize Yield and Nutrition During 4 Years after Biochar Application to a Colombian Savanna Oxisol, Plant Soil, Vol. 333, No. 1-2, 2010, pp. 117-128.
[38] Z. Dai, X. Zhang, C. Tang, N. Muhammad, J. Wu, P. C. Brookes, J. Xu, Potential Role of Biochars in Decreasing Soil Acidification-a Critical Review, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 581-582, 2017, pp. 60-611.
[39] R.Y. Shi, Z. N. Hong, J. Y. Li, J. Jiang, M. A. Kamran, R. K. Xu, W. Qian, Peanut Straw Biochar Increases the Resistance of Two Ultisols Derived from Different Parent Materials to Acidification: a Mechanism Study, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 210, 2018, pp. 171-179.
[40] Q. Lin, L. Zhang, M. Riaz, M. Zhang, H. Xia,
L. Bo, C. Jiang, Assessing the Potential of Biochar and Aged Biochar to Alleviate Aluminum Toxicity in an Acid Soil for Achieving Cabbage Productivity, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 161, 2018, pp. 290-295.
[41] L. M. Raboin, A. H. D. Razafimahafaly, M. B. Rabenjarisoa, B. Rabary, J. Dusserre, T. B. Raboin, Improving the Fertility of Tropical Acid Soils: Liming Versus Biochar Application? A Long-term Comparison in the Highlands of Madagascar, Field Crops Research, Vol. 199, 2016, pp. 99-108.
[42] M. Jia, J. Yu, Z. Li, L. Wu, P. Christie, Effects of Biochar on the Migration and Transformation of Metal Species in a Highly Acid Soil Contaminated with Multiple Metals and Leached with Solutions of Different pH. Chemosphere, Vol. 278, 2021,
pp. 130344.
[43] X. Zhang, J. Qua, H. Li, S. La, Y. Tian, L. Gao, Biochar Addition Combined with Daily Fertigation Improves Overall Soil Quality and Enhances Water-fertilizer Productivity of Cucumber in Alkaline Soils of a Semi-arid Region, Geoderma, Vol. 363, 2020, pp. 114170.
[44] T. Bera, H. P. Collins, A. K. Alva, T. J. Purakayastha, A. K. Patra, Biochar and Manure Effluent Effects on Soil Biochemical Properties under Corn Production, Applied Soil Ecology,
Vol. 107, 2016, pp. 360-367.
[45] N. Li, S. Wen, S. Wei, H. Li, Y. Feng, G. Ren,
G. Yang, X. Han, X. Wang, C. Ren, Straw Incorporation Plus Biochar Addition Improved the Soil Quality Index Focused on Enhancing Crop Yield and Alleviating Global Warming Potential, Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol. 21, 2021, pp. 101316.
[46] D. J. Kim, B. K. Ahn, J. H. Lee, Soil Quality Assessment Based on Different Properties of Remediated Soil Affected by Various Organic Amendments, Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2019, pp. 114-132.