Paleokarst in Phong Nha - Ke Bang - Hin Nam No and its Geomorphological and Geological Values
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: Paleokarst, a karst landform developed in the geologic past and often buried by younger sedimentary rocks, has not received much attention in Vietnam. Field surveys and thin-section analyses have confirmed the presence of paleokarsts in the two adjacent national parks Phong Nha - Ke Bang (Vietnam) and Hin Nam No (Laos). They are mainly found in two types of buried karst surfaces (karren, polje) and filled karst fissures and caves, developed on the Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (Famennian), Lower Carboniferious and Carboniferous - Permian limestones. The karstification for the first time over whole unified territory of Phong Nha - Ke Bang - Hin Nam No (PNKB HNN) started in the Triassic and ended in the Middle Jurassic due to the unconformable coverage of Upper Jurassic - Cretaceous sediments. The paleokarst discoveries are additional evidences to shed light on the karst evolution from Triassic to Jurassic in the area. In addition, it also suggests a new direction in karst research in Vietnam, especially in dating karst landforms. Paleokarst evidences date Triassic to Jura for karstic landforms in PNKB HNN, much older than previous studies. Paleokarst with many significant sites found in PNKB HNN, deserves to be a new Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for PNKB HNN.
Keywords:
Paleokarst, buried karst, filled karst, Phong Nha – Ke Bang, Hin Nam No.
References
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[2] P. Bosák, D. C. Ford, J. Glazek, I. Horäcek, Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989.
[3] M. J. Simms, Karst and Paleokarst, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09370-2.
[4] R. A. L. Osborne, Preservation and Burial of Ancient Karst, in: J. F. Shroder (ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology, San Diego: Academic Press, Vol. 6, 2013, pp. 95-103.
[5] C. Mouret, Paleokarsts at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Southeast Asia: An Introduction, Supplement to Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Speleology, Beijing: Chinese Academy of Science, 1994, pp. 9-31.
[6] G. Bardossy, Bauxites, P. Bosák, D. C. Ford, J. Glazek, I. Horäcek, (Eds), Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989, pp. 399-418.
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[8] G. Bardossy, Y. Fuchs, J. Glazek, Iron Ore Deposits in Paleokarst, in Bosák, P. Ford, D. C. Glazek, J. Horäcek, I. (Eds) Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989, pp. 419-429.
[9] J. Glazek, On the Karst Phenomena in North Vietnam, Bull Acad. Sei. Pol., Sér. Sei. Géol. Géogr., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1966, pp. 45-51.
[10] J. H. Hoffet, Sur la Génese Des Gisements de Fer de la Rive Droite du Fleuve Rouge (Tonkin), CR Acad. Sei. Paris, Vol. 208, No. 2, 1939, pp. 112-114.
[11] P. Khang, The Development of Karst Landscapes in Vietnam, Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 35,
No. 3-4, 1985, pp. 305-319.
[12] P. Khang, Présentation Des Régions Karstiques Du Vietnam, Karstologia: Revue de Karstologie et de Spéléologie Physique, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1991, pp. 1-12.
[13] J. Deprat, Sur la Présence du Permien à Hongay et la Structure de la Bordure de la Région Rhétienne du Litoral Tonkinois dans les Baies d’Along et du Fai-tsi-long. Paris, C. R. Acad. Sc., Vol. 165,
No. 19, 1917, pp. 638-640.
[14] P. W. Williams, Geoheritage Values of Hin Nam No: Assessment and Comparative Analysis, Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn and Eschborn, 2018.
[15] T. Bolger, Hin Nam No National Protected Area Paleokarst Research Mission, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn and Eschborn, 2019.
[16] T. Tinh (Ed.). Geological and Mineral Resources Map of Viet Nam 1: 200,000, Mahaxay - Dong Hoi Sheet, Geological Survey of Vietnam, Hanoi, 1996 (in Vietnamese).
[17] N. X. Duong (Ed.), Geological and Mineral Resources Map of Viet Nam 1: 200,000, Sheet Le Thuy – Quang Tri. Geological Survey of Việt Nam, Hanoi, 1996 (in Vietnamese).
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[19] T. D. Thanh, V. Khuc, D.T . Huyen, D. N. Truong, D. Bat, N. D. Dy, N. H. Hung, P. H. Thong, P. K. Ngan, T. H. Phuong, T. H. Dan, T. T. Thang, T. V. Tri, T. V. Long, Stratigraphic Units of Vietnam, Vietnam Nat. Univ. Pub. House, Hanoi, 2005 (in Vietnamese).
[20] J. Urban, Permian to Triassic paleokarst of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mts, Central Poland. Kwartalnik AGH. Geologia, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007, pp. 5-50.
[21] H. Zhang, G. Xu, M. Liu, M. Wang, Formation Environments and Mechanisms of Multistage Paleokarst of Ordovician Carbonates in Southern North China Basin. Nature Research, Scientific report, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80878-x.
[22] E. F. McBride, A Classification of Common Sandstones, J. Sediment. Petrol, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1963, pp. 664-669.
[23] J. R. H. Dott. Wacke, Greywacke and Matrix – What Approach to Immature Sandstone Classification? J. Sediment. Petrol, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1964, pp. 625-632.
[24] R. L. Folk, P. B. Andrews, D. W. Lewis, Detrital Sedimentary Rock Classification and Nomenclature for Use in New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. Vol. 13, No. 4, 1970, pp. 937-968, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10418211.
[25] F. J. Pettijohn, P. E. Potter, R. Siever, Sand and Sandstones, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1972.
[26] H. Williams, F. J. Turner, C. M. Gilbert, Petrography, An Introduction to the Study of Rocks in Thin Sections, Second ed., San Francisco and Oxford (W. H. Freeman), 1982.
[27] S. J. Boggs, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[28] R. J. Dunham, Classification of Carbonate Rocks according to Depositional Texture, in: W.E. Ham (ed.), Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 1, 1962, pp. 108-121.
[29] M. E. Tucker, Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2001.
[30] X. Xu, Q. Chen, C. Chu, G. Li, C. Liu, Z. Shi, Tectonic Evolution and Paleokarstification of Carbonate Rocks in the Paleozoic Tarim Basin, Carbonates Evaporites, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2017, pp. 487-496, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0307-4.
[31] H. Li, D. You, J. Han, Y. Qian, X. Sha, B. Xi, The Origin of Fluid in Calcite Veins and Its Implications for Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Shunnan-Gucheng Area of the Tarim Basin, China, Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, Vol. 5, No. 6, 2020, pp. 341-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2020.11.001.
[32] A. R. McBirney, R. M. Noyes, Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Journal of Petrology, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1979, pp. 487-554.
[33] V. P. Wright, Paleokarsts and Paleosols as Indicators of Paleoclimate and Porosity Evolution: A Case Study from the Carboniferous of South Wales, in N. P. James, P. W. Choquette (eds.), Paleokarst, Springer-Verlag, New York – Berlin – Heidelberg – London – Paris - Tokyo, 1988,
pp. 329-341.
[34] N. A. Shawwa, Ó. M. Tomé, B. Šegvić, L. P. Fernández, J. R. B. Rionda, E. Samankassou, Paleokarst in the Cantabrian Zone: Witness to Pennsylvanian Paleoclimate Evolution at Equatorial Latitudes, Conference: International Sedimentological Congress, Québec City, 2018.
[35] J. Glazek, Interaction Between Engineering and Environment in the Presence of Paleokarst: Some Case Histories, in P. Bosák, D. C. Ford, J. Glazek, I. Horäcek, (Eds), Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989, pp. 559-562.
[36] A. Eraso, Paleokarst in Civil Engineering, in P. Bosák, D. C. Ford, J. Glazek, I. Horäcek, (Eds), Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989, pp. 549-558.
[37] M. A. Soriano, A. Pocoví, H. Gil, A, Perez, A. A. Luzón, M. A. Marazuela, Some Evolutionary Patterns of Palaeokarst Developed in Pleistocene Deposits (Ebro Basin, NE Spain): Improving Geohazard Awareness in Present-Day Karst, Geol. Jour, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2019, pp. 333-350.
[38] P. Bosák, An Introduction to Karst-Related Mineral Deposits, in P. Bosák, D. C. Ford,
J. Glazek, I. Horäcek, (Eds), Paleokarst a Systematic and Regional Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam - Oxford - New York – Tokyo, 1989, pp. 367-376.
[39] P. William, K. S. Woo, Theme 6: Cave and Karst Systems, in P. J. Mc Keever and G. M. Narbonne (Eds), Geological World Heritage: A Revised Global Framework for the Application of Criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2021, pp. 28-31.
[40] UNESCO, The Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam, World Heritage List Nomination form, 2003, https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/951rev.pdf (accessed on: January 1st, 2024).
[41] Vietnam Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism. Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh, Vietnam. Renomination Expanding Criterion (Viii) and Inscription on Criteria (ix) and (x), 2014, https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/951bis.pdf (accessed on: January 1st, 2024).
[42] T. Bolger, Preparing the Groundwork for the Geoheritage Aspects of a World Heritage Nomination for Hin Nam No NPA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn and Eschborn, 2017.
[43] T. Nghi, L. Nam, D. B. Din, D. X. Thanh, T. H. Phuong, D. V. Bao, N. T. H. Trang, Geological History of Caves and Conservation Values of the World Nature Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2023, pp. 16-31 (in Vietnamese).