Assessment of Water Use and Willingness to Pay for Domestic Water among Residents in Binh Duong and Cao Duc Communes, Gia Binh District, Bac Ninh Province
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: This study investigates the current status of domestic water usage and assesses the willingness to pay (WTP) for clean water among residents in Binh Duong and Cao Duc communes, Gia Binh district, Bac Ninh[1] province. Based on compiled data and interviews with 125 households, the research applies the contingent valuation method to determine WTP, using linear regression analysis in Stata 17, combined with Pearson correlation analysis and multicollinearity tests to develop the WTP model. The results show that 100% of households have access to piped water; however, over one-third still use rainwater for drinking purposes. The average WTP values for three water-use models are 213,250 VND/m³ (for drinking water), 9,770 VND/m³ (for other domestic uses), and 14,340 VND/m³ (for overall domestic water). The average domestic water cost of households in Binh Duong and Cao Duc communes is 193,590 VND per household per month, accounting for 1.3% of total household income. Four factors significantly influencing WTP include household income, education level, gender, and age of the household head. By 2050, the local population is projected to reach approximately 17,000, increasing water demand by about 630 m³/day compared to 2024. Based on these findings, the study proposes integrated solutions in infrastructure, communication, and policy to ensure sustainable domestic water supply in the future.
Keywords:
Keywords: Water demand forecasting, Linear regression, willingness to pay, domestic water, Binh Duong - Cao Duc communes.
References
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[28] T. H. Hoang, N. T. Nguyen, V. A. Truong, A Study On Residents’ Willingness to Pay and Proposed Solutions to Improve Clean Water Supply Services Under Climate Change Conditions in Nam Dinh Province, Journal of Natural Resources and Environment Science, Vol. 36, 2021.
[29] T. D. Nguyen, V. K. Tran, K. T. Bao, V. H. Tam, M. C. Pham, P. T. Nguyen, Measuring Willingness to Pay for Urban Clean Water Supply System: A Case Study in Chuong My District, Hanoi City, Journal of Economics and Forecast Review, 16, 2024, pp. 80-83.
[2] United Nations, Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All, United Nations Sustainable Development, (n.d.), Retrieved October 16, 2025, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/ (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[3] World Health Organization, Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, WHO Press, 2003.
[4] Ministry of Health (Vietnam), QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT – National Technical Regulation on the Quality of Clean Water for Domestic Use, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, 2018.
[5] World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th ed., incorporating the 1st and 2nd addenda, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2022, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064 (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[6] Ministry of Health (Vietnam), QCVN 02:2009/BYT – National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, 2009.
[7] Q. N. Pham, N. H. Nguyen, T. T. Ta, T. L. Tran, Vietnam’s Water Resources: Current Status, Challenges, and Security Perspective, Sustainability, Vol. 15, No. 8, 2023, pp. 6441, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086441.
[8] Sanitation and Water for All, Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Country overview, 2020, Retrieved from https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/2020_Country%20Overview_Vietnam.pdf (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[9] L. Wright, H. March, S. Schramm, Fragmented Landscapes of Water Supply in Suburban Hanoi, Habitat International, Vol. 61, 2017, pp. 64-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.02.002
[10] Ministry of Health (Vietnam), The Rate of Access to Hygienic Water Remains Low in Many Areas, Ministry of Health News Portal, 2023, Retrieved from https://moh.gov.vn/tin-tong-hop/-/asset_ publisher/k206Q9qkZOqn/content/ty-le-su-dung-nuoc-hop-ve-sinh-nhieu-noi-con-thap? (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[11] Bac Ninh Provincial E-Portal, Gia Binh Brings Clean Water to Rural Areas, 2017, Retrieved from https://hnd.bacninh.gov.vn (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[12] Bac Ninh Provincial Statistics Office, Gia Bình District Statistical Yearbook, 2024.
[13] S. Guha, Valuation of Clean Water Supply by Willingness to Pay Method in a Developing Nation: A Case Study in Calcutta, India, Environmental Economics and Investment Assessment, WIT Press, 2007, pp. 141-150.
[14] A. R. Kaliba, D. W. Norman, Y. M. Chang, Willingness to Pay to Improve Domestic Water Supply in Rural Areas of Central Tanzania: Implications for Policy, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,
Vol. 10, No. 2, 2003, pp. 119-132, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500309469791.
[15] S. Parveen, J. Ahmad, M. U. Rahman, Estimating Willingness to Pay for Drinking Water Quality in Nowshera Pakistan: A Domestic Study for Public Health, International Journal of African and Asian Studies, Vol. 19, 2016, pp. 1-9.
[16] N. V. Ngai, N. K. Phuoc, P. D. Hung, Study on People's Willingness to Pay for Clean Water Supply in Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Journal of Science – Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2012, pp. 3-19.
[17] H. T. Le, L. T. Hoa, Assessment of Clean Water Use Demand and People's Willingness to Pay for Clean Water Supply Services in Quang Yen Town, Quang Ninh Province, Environmental Magazine, Special Issue II, 2017.
[18] N. T. T. Quynh, N. T. Thang, B. T. K. Hoa, Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Rural Clean Water Services Among People in Thuy Nguyen District, Hai Phong City, Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2018, pp. 763-772.
[19] N. T. Bui, S. Darby, T. Q. Vu, J. M. R. Mercado, T. T. P. Bui, K. Kantamaneni, T. T. H. Nguyen, T. N. Truong, H. T. Hoang, D. D. Bui, Willingness to Pay for Improved Urban Domestic Water Supply System: The Case of Hanoi, Vietnam, Water,
Vol. 14, No. 14, 2022, pp. 2161, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142161.
[20] S. B. Green, How Many Subjects Does it Take to do A Regression Analysis? Multivariate Behavioral Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1991,
pp. 499-510, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7.
[21] S. D. S. Salazar, F. G. Gómez, J. Guardiola, Willingness to Pay to Improve Urban Water Supply: The Case of Sucre, Bolivia, Water Policy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2015, pp. 112-125, https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.195.
[22] N. A. Wahid, K. H. Chew, Factors Determining Household Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Water Consumption in Malaysia, Asian Social Science, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2015, pp. 26-31, https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n5p26.
[23] L. R. Tapia, D. A. R. Fernández, J. A. M. Novelo, Household’s Perception of Water Quality and Willingness to Pay for Clean Water in Mexico City, Economies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017, pp. 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5020012.
[24] N. V. Huong, Factors Affecting Decision and Willingness to Pay to Connect to Pipe-water of Households: A Case Study in Vietnam, Academy of Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, Special Issue 6, 2021.
[25] H. Gunatilake, M. Tachiiri, Willingness to Pay and Inclusive Tariff Designs for Improved Water Supply Services In Urban Bangladesh, Asian Development Bank Working Paper, 2012.
[26] Ministry of Construction, Vietnam Construction Standard TCXDVN 33:2006 on Water Supply – Pipeline Networks and Works – Design Standards, Ministry of Construction, 2006.
[27] Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bac Ninh: Improving the quality of rural clean water plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2025, Retrieved from: https://ns.mard.gov.vn/tin-trong-nuoc/bac-ninh-nang-cao-chat-luong-cac-nha-may-nuoc-sach-nong-thon? (accessed on: June 1st, 2025).
[28] T. H. Hoang, N. T. Nguyen, V. A. Truong, A Study On Residents’ Willingness to Pay and Proposed Solutions to Improve Clean Water Supply Services Under Climate Change Conditions in Nam Dinh Province, Journal of Natural Resources and Environment Science, Vol. 36, 2021.
[29] T. D. Nguyen, V. K. Tran, K. T. Bao, V. H. Tam, M. C. Pham, P. T. Nguyen, Measuring Willingness to Pay for Urban Clean Water Supply System: A Case Study in Chuong My District, Hanoi City, Journal of Economics and Forecast Review, 16, 2024, pp. 80-83.