Obstacles to Lifelong Learning in Vietnam and Some Suggested Solutions
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract:Vietnam education is moving on the way of lifelong learning (LLL) development. It has achieved significant progress in broadening the scope of education, diversifying modes of delivery, developing networks of educational institutions throughout the country, and renovating ways of learning. However, evidence shows there are still many weaknesses and shortcomings in the change process, especially in human resources development responding to the socio-economic needs of the country. Taking into account that LLL development is country specific, this article focuses in the analysis of different obstacles, namely conceptual, institutional, structural, financial, and individual obstacles to LLL development inVietnam. The identification of these obstacles enables to provide solutions for a rationalization of existing LLL system in view of making it function as foundation for the building of a learning society in Vietnam.
Keywords: Lifelong learning; formal learning; non-formal learning; informal learning.References
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[4] World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012.
[5] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, Paris: UNESCO, 2008.
[6] UNDP, Human Development Report, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2008.
[7] UNDP, Social Services for Human Development. Vietnam Human Development Report 2011, Hanoi: UNDP, 2011.
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[9] Pham, D.N.T, Towards quality education in building a learning society in Vietnam, In The Proceedings of the Symposium “Towards a Learning Society”, Hanoi: VVOB, 2013.
[10] Dahlman, C., Zeng, D.Z., & Wang, S, Enhancing China’s competitiveness through lifelong learning, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007.
[11] Delors, J. et al, Learning: The treasure within. Report to UNESCO of The International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century, Paris: UNESCO, 1996.
[12] European Commission, Report from the Commission on the implementation, results and overall assessment of the European Year of Lifelong Learning, 1996, Luxembourg: Publications of the European Commission, 1999.
[13] International Labor Organisation, Lifelong learning in the twenty-first century: The changing roles of educational personnel, Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/jmep2000/jmepr1.htm, 2000.
[14] ILO, Lifelong learning in Asia and the Pacific, Background report for the Tripartite Regional Meeting, Bangkok: ILO, 2003.
[15] OECD, Beyond rhetoric: Adult learning policies and practicies, Paris: OECD, 2003.
[16] Thai, X.D, Solutions for Vietnam non-formal education in the first decades of the twenty-first century, Vietnam Journal of Educational Research, 48 (2009) 16.
[17] OECD, Qualifications systems: Bridges to lifelong learning, Paris: OECD, 2007.
[18] National Assembly, Education Law, Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House, 2005.
[19] UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Education Digest, Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2005/ged2005_en.pdf, 2005.
[20] World Bank, Lifelong learning in the global knowledge economy: Challenges for developing countries, Washington, DC: World Bank., 2003.
[21] Ministry of Education and Training, Mid-term review after three years of implementation of the “Building a learning society for 2005-2010” Project and development of community learning centers (In Vietnamese), Hanoi: Department of Continuing Education, 2008.
[22] Nguyen, V.C. et al, Measures for quality enhancement in Ho Chi Minh City continuing education centers (In Vietnamese), Resarch project granted by the People Committee of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City: Department of Science and Technology, 2008.
[23] The Government, Prime Minister Decision Nr112 on the approval of “Building a learning society for 2005-2010” Project, Vietnam Official Gazette, 22 (2005) 12.
[24] Vietnam Communist Party. (2006). 10th National Congress Documents. Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House.
[25] Vietnam Communist Party, Resolution of the 4th Session of the Party Central Committee, 10th Tenure, Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House, 2007.
Vietnam Communist Party, Resolution of the 8th Session of the Party Central Committee, 11th Tenure, Hanoi: National Politics Publishing House, 2013.
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