Predictors of Mental Health Help Seeking Among Cambodian Adolescents
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mental health problems are a major global burden. Understanding what motivates people to seek help for mental health problems thus is important so society can best support people in help-seeking. The present study investigated predictors of mental health help-seeking among Cambodian adolescents. Participants were 391 Cambodian high-school students, assessed on (a) culturally-specific mental health syndromes (Culturally-Specific Syndrome Inventory); (b) depression (PHQ-9); (c) anxiety (GAD-7); (d) functional impairment (Brief Impairment Scale); (e) quality of life (Q-LES-Q-SF); and (f) help-seeking from different sources (e.g., friends, psychologists) (General Help-Seeking Questionnaire). Help seeking from mental health professionals was predicted by mental health symptoms but not by life impairment or quality of life, suggesting that these constructs are not understood as part of adolescent mental health in Cambodia. However, informal support was predicted by impairment and quality of life, suggesting that Cambodian adolescents are aware of life impairment and quality of life, desire to improve their lives, but are unaware of these constructs’ connection to mental health. Results suggest areas for public health campaigns in Cambodia to target to increase adolescent mental health support seeking. Results also suggest it may be useful to develop informal online mental health support resources for Cambodian adolescents.
Keywords:
Help-seeking behavior, anxiety, depression, adolescents, Cambodia
References
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Canberra, 2015
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https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0355.
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Geneva 2017.
[2] World Health Organization, The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2008.
[3] Eisenberg, S. Daniel, F. Marilyn, Downs, Ezra Golberstein and Kara Zivin, Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students, Medical care research and review: MCRR. 66 (5) (2009) 522-41.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173.
[4] D.L. Vogel, S.R. Wester, L.M. Larson, Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help, Journal of Counseling & Development 85 (4) (2007) 410-422.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00609.x.
[5] D. Lawrence, S. Johnson, J. Hafekost, K. Boterhoven De Haan, M. Sawyer, J. Ainley, S.R. Zubrick, The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Department of Health, Canberra, 2015.
[6] B. D'Avanzo, A. Barbato, S. Erzegovesi, L. Lampertico, F. Rapisarda, L. Valsecchi, Formal and informal help-seeking for mental health problems, A survey of preferences of italian students. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 8 (2012) 47-51.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010047.
[7] Y. Gebreegziabher, E. Girma, M. Tesfaye, Help-seeking behavior of Jimma university students with common mental disorders: A crosssectional study, PLoS ONE. 14 (2) (2019) e0212657 số trang đầu – cuối.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212657.
[8] M.H. Nguyen, M. Serik, T.T. Vuong, M.T. Ho, Internationalization and Its Discontents: Help-Seeking Behaviors of Students in a Multicultural Environment Regarding Acculturative Stress and Depression, Sustainability, 2019.
[9] D. Rickwood, K. Thomas, Conceptual measurement framework for help-seeking for mental health problems, Psychol Res Behav Manag. 5 (2012) 173-183.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S38707.
[10] M. Ali, A. de Muynck, Illness incidence and health seeking behaviour among street children in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan - A qualitative study, Child: Care, Health and Development 31 (5) (2005) 525-532.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00545.x.
[11] A.E. Thompson, Y. Anisimowicz, B. Miedema, W. Hogg, W.P. Wodchis, K. Aubrey-Bassler, The influence of gender and other patient characteristics on health care-seeking behaviour: a QUALICOPC study, BMC Fam Pract. 17 (2016) 38. số trang đầu – cuối.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-016-0440-0.
[12] S. Slewa-Younan, A. Yaser, Guajardo MGU, H. Mannan, C.A. Smith, J.M. Mond, The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia, Int J Ment Health Syst. 11 (2017) 49.số trang đầu – cuối.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0157-z.
[13] R. Daeem, I. Mansbach-Kleinfeld, I. Farbstein et al, Help seeking in school by Israeli Arab minority adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems: results from the Galilee Study, Isr J Health Policy Res. 5 (2016) 49-số trang cuối. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-016-0109-0.
[14] C.C. Fukuda, M.A. Penso, D.M. do Amparo, B.C. de Almeida, C. de Aquino Morais, Mental health of young Brazilians: Barriers to professional help-seeking, Estudos de Psicologia 33 (2) (2016) 355-365.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752016000200017.
[15] J.L. Magaard, T. Seeralan, H. Schulz, A.L. Brütt, Factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among individuals with major depression: A systematic review, PLoS One. 12 (5) (2017) e0176730-số trang cuối.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176730.
[16] S. Gray, G. Daraganova, Adolescent help-seeking, LSAC Annual Statistical Report 2017, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2017.
[17] S. Clement, E. Brohan, D. Jeffery, C. Henderson, S.L. Hatch, G. Thornicroft, Development and psychometric properties the Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation scale (BACE) related to people with mental ill health. BMC Psychiatry. 12 (2012) 36- số trang cuối. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-36.
[18] D.E. Hinton, M.A. Kredlow, V. Pich, E. Bui, S.G. Hofmann, The relationship of PTSD to key somatic complaints and cultural syndromes among Cambodian refugees attending a psychiatric clinic: The Cambodian Somatic Symptom and Syndrome Inventory (CSSI). Transcult Psychiatry. 50 (3) (2013) 347-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513481187.
[19] K. Kroenke, R.L. Spitzer, J.B. Williams, The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure, J Gen Intern Med. 16 (9) (2001) 606-613.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
[20] H. Sawaya, M. Atoui, A. Hamadeh, P. Zeinoun, Z. Nahas, Adaptation and initial validation of the patient health questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) and the generalized anxiety disorder - 7 questionnaire (GAD-7) in an arabic speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample, Psychiatry Res. 30 (239) (2016) 245-52. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030.
[21] R.L. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, J.B.W. Williams, B. Lowe, A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder, Arch Intern Med. 166 (10) (2006) 1092-7.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
[22] H.R. Bird, G.J. Canino, M. Davies, R. Ramírez, L. Chávez, C. Duarte, S. Shen, The Brief Impairment Scale (BIS): A Multidimensional Scale of Functional Impairment for Children and Adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 44 (7) (2005) 699-707.https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000163281.41383.94.
[23] J. Endicott, J. Nee, W. Harrison, R. Blumenthal, Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure, Psychopharmacol Bull 29 (2) (1993) 321-6.
[24] C.J. Wilson, F.P. Deane, J.V. Ciarrochi, D. Rickwood, Measuring help seeking intentions: Properties of the General Help Seeking Questionnaire, Canadian Journal of Counselling 39 (1) (2005) 15-28.
[25] K. Lubian, S. Weich, S. Stansfeld, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, N. Spiers, C. Cooper, Mental health treatment and services, In S. McManus, P. Bebbington, R. Jenkins, T. Brugha (Eds.), Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014, Leeds: NHS Digital, 2016.
[26] D. Rickwood, F.P. Deane, C.J. Wilson, J. Ciarrochi, Young people's help-seeking for mental health problems, Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 4 (3) (2005) 1-34.
[27] D. Lawrence, S. Johnson, J. Hafekost, K. Boterhoven De Haan, M. Sawyer, J. Ainley, S.R. Zubrick, The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Department of Health,
Canberra, 2015
[28] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Mental health services-in brief 2014, Cat, no, HSE 154, Canberra: AIHW, 2014.
[29] A. Raviv, R. Sills, P. Wilansky, Adolescents’ help-seeking behaviour: The difference between self- and other-referral, Journal of Adolescence 6 (2000) 721-740.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0355.
[30] S.D. Kauer, C. Mangan, L. Sanci, Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review, Journal of Medical Internet Research 16 (3) (2014) 66-66. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3103.
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