Effectiveness of Shining Mind- A Smartphone App to Increase Mental Health Literacy Among College Students
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Mental illness is a global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Vietnam. Improving mental health literacy was found to be associated with early detection and treatment of mental illness and increased help-seeking behaviors. With the development of information technology, IT applications such as websites and mobile applications have become essential tools for mental health literacy intervention. Though there has been a number of mobile apps delivering psychotherpies, little focus on mental health litracy intervention.
Aims: The study aims to a) evaluate the feasibility of a mobile-based mental health literacy intervention called Shining Mind and b) assess the effectiveness of the Shining Mind app in improving mental health literacy among college students.
Methods: The study used randomized control trial design with two groups: experimental group (N=68) and control group (N=84).
Results: The average number of times of accessing Shining Mind was 22.97 per student (SD=25.13) with one student (1.47%) never logging into the app. In terms of quality, the app was rated moderately good by participants (M=3.3, SD=0.6). Regarding mental health literacy, the results showed that there were group effects over time regarding depression and biopolar recognition, social anxiety labelling, stigma and parent help-seeking intention.
Keywords:
mental health literacy, mobile app, Shining Mind, students, Vietnam
References
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[27] A.F. Jorm, C.M. Kelly, Improving the public’s understanding and response to mental disorders, Aust, Psychol 42 (2007) 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060701280565.
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[29] A. Gulliver, K.M. Griffiths, H. Christensen,
A. Mackinnon, A.L. Calear, A. Parsons, K. Bennett, P.J. Batterham, R. Stanimirovic, Internet-Based Interventions to Promote Mental Health Help-Seeking in Elite Athletes: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial, J. Med. Internet Res. 14 (2012) e69. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1864.
[30] T.A. Stump, M.L. Eng, The development and psychometric properties of the bipolar disorders knowledge scale., J. Affect. Disord. 238 (2018) 645-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.043.
[31] M. Hirai, G.A. Clum, Development, reliability, and validity of the beliefs toward mental illness scale, J. Psychopathol, Behav, Assess. 22 (2000) 221-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007548432472.
[2] B. Weiss, M. Dang, L. Trung, M.C. Nguyen, N.T.H. Thuy, A. Pollack, A nationally representative epidemiological and risk factor assessment of child mental health in Vietnam., Int. Perspect. Psychol. Res. Pract. Consult. 3 (2014) 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000016.
[3] D. Levinson, M.D. Lakoma, M. Petukhova, M. Schoenbaum, A.M. Zaslavsky, M. Angermeyer, G. Borges, R. Bruffaerts, G. de Girolamo, R. de Graaf, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, C. Hu, A.N. Karam, N. Kawakami, S. Lee, J.-P. Lepine, M.O. Browne, M. Okoliyski, J. Posada-Villa, R. Sagar, M.C. Viana, D.R. Williams, R.C. Kessler, Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys, Br. J. Psychiatry. 197 (2010) 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073635.
[4] A. Luciano, E. Meara, Employment Status of People With Mental Illness: National Survey Data From 2009 and 2010, Psychiatr. Serv. 65 (2014) 1201-1209. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300335.
[5] L.H. Hastrup, B. Van Den Berg, D. Gyrd-Hansen, Do informal caregivers in mental illness feel more burdened? A comparative study of mental versus somatic illnesses, Scand. J. Public Health. 39 (2011) 598-607.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494811414247.
[6] S. Trautmann, J. Rehm, H. Wittchen, The economic costs of mental disorders, EMBO Rep. 17 (2016) 1245-1249. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201642951.
[7] B. Morley, J. Pirkis, L. Naccarella, F. Kohn, G. Blashki, P. Burgess, Improving access to and outcomes from mental health care in rural Australia, Aust. J. Rural Health. 15 (2007) 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14401584.2007.00905.x.
[8] B. Weiss, V.K. Ngo, H.-M. Dang, A. Pollack, L.T. Trung, C.V. Tran, N.T. Tran, D.L. Sang, K.N. Do, A model for sustainable development of child mental health infrastructure in the lmic world: Vietnam as a case example., Int. Perspect. Psychol. Res. Pract. Consult. 1 (2012) 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027316.
[9] D. Chibanda, P. Mesu, L. Kajawu, F. Cowan, R. Araya, M.A. Abas, Problem-solving therapy for depression and common mental disorders in Zimbabwe: piloting a task-shifting primary mental health care intervention in a population with a high prevalence of people living with HIV, BMC Public Health. 11 (2011) 828.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-828.
[10] D.M. Ndetei, P. Gatonga, Improving access to mental health care in Kenya, Ethn. Inequalities Heal, Soc, Care. 4 (2011) 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/17570981111249239.
[11] A. Gulliver, K.M. Griffiths, H. Christensen, Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review, BMC Psychiatry. 10 (2010) 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113.
[12] S.C. Ratzan, R.M. Parker, Introduction, Natl. Libr, Med. Curr. Bibliogr, Med, Heal, Literacy. 2000-1 (2000) v-vi.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.html.
[13] A.F. Jorm, A.E. Korten, P.A. Jacomb, H. Christensen, B. Rodgers, P. Pollitt, “Mental health literacy”: A survey of the public’s ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment, Med. J. Aust. 166 (1997) 182-186. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x.
[14] A.F. Jorm, Mental health literacy; empowering the community to take action for better mental health, Am, Psychol 67 (2012) 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025957.
[15] S. Kutcher, H. Gilberds, C. Morgan, R. Greene, K. Hamwaka, K. Perkins, Improving Malawian teachers’ mental health knowledge and attitudes: an integrated school mental health literacy approach, Glob, Ment, Heal 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2014.8.
[16] K.M. Griffiths, H. Christensen, A.F. Jorm, K. Evans, C. Groves, Effect of web-based depression literacy and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions on stigmatising attitudes to depression: Randomised controlled trial, Br. J. Psychiatry. 185 (2004) 342-349. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.4.342.
[17] H. Christensen, K.M. Griffiths, A.F. Jorm, Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: Randomised controlled trial, Br. Med. J. 328 (2004) 265-268. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.37945.566632.ee.
[18] L.A. Kiropoulos, K.M. Griffiths, G. Blashki, Effects of a multilingual information website intervention on the levels of depression literacy and depression-related stigma in greek-born and Italian-born immigrants living in Australia: A randomized controlled trial, J. Med. Internet Res. 13 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1527.
[19] M.J. Roy, P. Taylor, W. Runge, E. Grigsby, M. Woolley, T. Torgeson, Web-Based Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Education for Military Family Members, Mil. Med. 177 (2012) 284-290. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00350.
[20] A.J. Rotondi, C.M. Anderson, G.L. Haas, S.M. Eack, M.B. Spring, R. Ganguli, C. Newhill, J. Rosenstock, Web-based psychoeducational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their supporters: One-year outcomes, Psychiatr. Serv. 61 (2010) 1099-1105. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.11.1099.
[21] K. Shandley, D. Austin, B. Klein, M. Kyrios, An evaluation of “Reach Out Central”: An online gaming program for supporting the mental health of young people, Health Educ. Res. 25 (2010) 563-574. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyq002.
[22] Statista Research Department, Number of mobile phone users worldwide from 2015 to 2020, (2016). https://www-statista-com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/statistics/274774/forecast-of-mobile-phone-users-worldwide/.
[23] M.N. Kamel Boulos, A.C. Brewer, C. Karimkhani, D.B. Buller, R.P. Dellavalle, Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification, Online J. Public Health Inform. 5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v5i3.4814.
[24] O.I. Franko, T.F. Tirrell, Smartphone App Use Among Medical Providers in ACGME Training Programs, J. Med. Syst. 36 (2012) 3135-3139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9798-7.
[25] T.T.T. Do, M.D. Le, T. Van Nguyen, B.X. Tran, H.T. Le, H.D. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, T.D. Tran, C.A. Latkin, R.C.M. Ho, M.W.B. Zhang, Receptiveness and preferences of health-related smartphone applications among Vietnamese youth and young adults, BMC Public Health. 18 (2018) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5641-0.
[26] A.-D. Kieu, H.-M. Dang, Information technology applications for mental health literacy intervention, Conference Proceedings "Psychology and Social Sciences for Sustainable Development in Digital World" (2017) 237-251 (in Vietnamese).
[27] A.F. Jorm, C.M. Kelly, Improving the public’s understanding and response to mental disorders, Aust, Psychol 42 (2007) 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060701280565.
[28] A. Fresán, C. Berlanga, R. Robles-García, D. Álvarez-Icaza, I. Vargas-Huicochea, Alfabetización en salud mental en el trastorno bipolar: Asociación con la percepción de agresividad y el género en estudiantes de medicina, Salud Ment. 36 (2013) 229. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2013.029.
[29] A. Gulliver, K.M. Griffiths, H. Christensen,
A. Mackinnon, A.L. Calear, A. Parsons, K. Bennett, P.J. Batterham, R. Stanimirovic, Internet-Based Interventions to Promote Mental Health Help-Seeking in Elite Athletes: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial, J. Med. Internet Res. 14 (2012) e69. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1864.
[30] T.A. Stump, M.L. Eng, The development and psychometric properties of the bipolar disorders knowledge scale., J. Affect. Disord. 238 (2018) 645-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.043.
[31] M. Hirai, G.A. Clum, Development, reliability, and validity of the beliefs toward mental illness scale, J. Psychopathol, Behav, Assess. 22 (2000) 221-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007548432472.
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