Enhancement of Methylene Blue Adsorption from ZnO/Activated Carbon Nanocompossites Prepared by Pyrolysis of Molten ZnCl2 with Rice Husks
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized a facile step pyrolysis of ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposites by using molten ZnCl2 and rice husks in oxygen-limited environment. The mass ratio of molten ZnCl2 and rice husks was chosen from 0 to 5 wt.%, the pyrolysis temperature range from 400 to 800 oC. When the mass ratio of molten ZnCl2 and rice husks was equal to 1.0 and the pyrolysis temperature was at 800 oC, the size of ZnO nanoparticles in diameter was found to be of 10-20 nm. The ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposites exhibited a porous structure with the BET surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume of 643.9 m2/g, 4,76 nm and 0.255 cm3/g, respectively. To investigate the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, batch experiments were performed on all samples. The ZnO/activated carbon sample manufactured at a mass ratio of 1.0 and a pyrolysis temperature of 800 oC has the best methylene blue adsorption capability. The Langmuir isotherm was used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue, which was 814.9 mg/g. Based on the obtained results, one can suggest that ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposites prepared by the facile pyrolysis route from molten ZnCl2 and rice husks possessing eco-friendly behaviour and low productioncost can be used as a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
Keywords:
Rice husks, molten ZnCl2, ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposites, adsorption, methylene blue, pyrolysis.
References
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pp. 4910-4922, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00159a.
[19] B. Li, J. Hu, H. Xiong, Y. Xiao, Application and Properties of Microporous Carbons Activated by ZnCl2: Adsorption Behavior and Activation Mechanism, ACS Omega, Vol. 5, 2020, pp. 9398-9407, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00461.
[20] K. M. Watts, E. Adewakun, O. Norouzi, T. D. Abhi, R. Pradhan, A. Dutta, Effects of FeCl3 Catalytic Hydrothermal Carbonization on Chemical Activation of Corn Wet Distillers’ Fiber, ACS Omega, Vol. 6, 2021, pp. 14875-14886, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00557.
[21] J. Hou, J. Hou, Y. Liu, S. Wen, W. Li, R. Liao, L. Wang, Sorghum-waste-derived High-surface Area KOH-Activated Porous Carbon for Highly Efficient Methylene Blue and Pb(II) Removal, ACS Omega, Vol. 5, 2020,
pp. 13548-13556, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04452.
[22] O. Oginni, K. Singh, G. Oporto, B. D. Andoh, L. McDonald, E. Sabolsky, Effect of One-step and Two-step H3PO4 Activation on Activated Carbon Characteristics, Bioresour. Technol. Reports, Vol. 8, 2019, pp. 100307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100307.
[23] F. Zhang, L. Liu, L. Chen, Y. Shi, A Cellulose Dissolution and Encapsulation Strategy to Prepare Carbon Nanospheres with Ultra-small Size and High Nitrogen Content for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction, New J. Chem, Vol. 44, 2020, pp. 10613-10620, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01659d.
[24] A. Özhan, Ö. Şahin, M. M. Kuşuk, C Saka, Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pine Cone by Microwave-induced ZnCl2 Activation and its Effects on the Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Cellulose, Vol. 21, 2014, pp. 2457-2467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0299-y.
[25] G. S. D. Reis, M. Wilhelm, T. C. D. A. Silva, K. Rezwan, C. H. Sampaio, E. C. Lima, S. M. A. G. U. D. Souza, The use of Design of Experiments for the Evaluation of the Production of Surface Rich Activated Carbon from Sewage Sludge Via Microwave and Conventional Pyrolysis, Appl. Therm. Eng, Vol. 93, 2016, pp. 590-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.035.
[26] G. Duman, Y. Onal, C. Okutucu, S. Onenc, J. Yanik, Production of Activated Carbon from Pine Cone and Evaluation of Its Physical, Chemical, and Adsorption Properties, Energy and Fuels, Vol. 23, 2009, pp. 2197-2204, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800510m.
[27] M. O. Marín, C. F. González, A. M. García, V. G. Serrano, Preparation of Activated Carbon from Cherry Stones by Chemical Activation with ZnCl2, Appl. Surf. Sci, Vol. 252, 2006, pp. 5967-5971, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.11.008.
[28] L. Wang, P. Zhou, Y. Guo, J. Zhang, X. Qiu, Y. Guan, M. Yu, H. Zhu, Q. Zhang, The Effect of ZnCl2 Activation on Microwave Absorbing Performance in Walnut Shell-derived Nano-porous Carbon, RSC Adv, Vol. 9, 2019,
pp. 9718-9728, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09932d.
[29] R. Madhu, V. Veeramani, S. M. Chen, P. Veerakumar, S. B. Liu, N. Miyamoto, Functional Porous Carbon-ZnO Nanocomposites for High-performance Biosensors and Energy Storage Applications, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, Vol. 18, 2016, pp. 16466-16475, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01285j.
[30] A. P. S. Chauhan, K. Chawla, Comparative Studies on Graphite and Carbon Black Powders, and Their Dispersions, J. Mol. Liq, Vol. 221, 2016, pp. 292-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.05.043.
[31] M. Pawlyta, J. N. Rouzaud, S. Duber, Raman Microspectroscopy Characterization of Carbon Blacks: Spectral Analysis and Structural Information, Carbon N. Y, Vol. 84, 2015, pp. 479-490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.030.
[32] T. Boualem, A. Debab, A. M. D. Yuso, M. T. Izquierdo, Activated Carbons Obtained from Sewage Sludge by Chemical Activation: Gas-Phase Environmental Applications, J. Environ. Manage, Vol. 140, pp. 145-151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.03.016.
[33] Z. Tang, C. Cen, P. Fang, Y. Liang, Preparation and Characterization of Sewage Sludge-based Activated Carbon, Adv. Mater. Res, Vol. 599, 2012, pp. 614-617, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.599.614.
[34] E. Kacan, Optimum BET Surface Areas for Activated Carbon Produced from Textile Sewage Sludges and Its Application as Dye Removal, J. Environ. Manage, Vol. 166, 2016, pp. 116-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.044.
[35] M. J. Ahmed, S. K. Theydan, Microporous Activated Carbon from Siris Seed Pods by Microwave-induced KOH Activation for Metronidazole Adsorption, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, Vol. 99, 2013, pp. 101-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.019.
[36] D. Sheha, H. Khalaf, N. Daghestani, Experimental Design Methodology for the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Sewage Sludge by Chemical Activation Process, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. Vol. 38, 2013, pp. 2941-2951, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0470-4.
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