Effects of Hole Transport Layer Thickness on Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cell
Main Article Content
Abstract
We demonstrate effects of thickness of liquid-crystalline based hole transport layer (HTL) on photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cell (PSC). A 70 nm thick HTL resulted in a device achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.8% under reverse bias scanning. Increasing the liquid-crystalline based HTL thickness to 100 nm improved device performance, yielding a PCE of 11.4%, indicating enhanced interfacial contact and more effective coverage of HTL over the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber. Notably, the hysteresis index decreased with increasing the liquid-crystalline based HTL thickness, suggesting mitigation of charge accumulation at the interfacial layers and reduction of the hysteresis phenomena in PSCs.
Keywords:
Perovskite solar cell, thin film, wet processing, hole transport layer.
References
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[2] S. D. Stranks, G. E. Eperon, G. Grancini, C. Menelaou, M. J. P. Alcocer, T. Leijtens, L. M. Herz, A. Petrozza, H. J. Snaith, Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber, Science, Vol. 342, 2013, pp. 341-344, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243982.
[3] H. S. Jung, N. Park, Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices, Small, Vol. 11, 2015, pp. 10-25, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201402767.
[4] J. Han, K. Park, S. Tan, Y. Vaynzof, J. Xue, E. W. G. Diau, M. G. Bawendi, J. W. Lee, I. Jeon, Perovskite Solar Cells, Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol. 5, 2025, pp. 3, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-024-00373-9.
[5] M. M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T. N. Murakami, H. J. Snaith, Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites, Science, Vol. 338, 2012, pp. 643-647, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228604.
[6] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 131, 2009, pp. 6050-6051, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r.
[7] N. S. Kumar and K. C. B. Naidu, A Review on Perovskite Solar Cells (Pscs), Materials and Applications, Journal of Materiomics, Vol. 7, No. 5, 2021, pp. 940-956, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2021.04.002.
[8] D. Q. Duy, A. Fujii, R. Tsuji, N. H. Pham, B. H. Van, C. D. Sai, N. D. Thien, V. T. Huong, M. Ozaki, Mesoporous TiO2 Electron Transport Layer Engineering for Efficient Inorganic-organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Using Hydrochloric Acid Treatment, Thin Solid Films, Vol. 732, 2021, pp. 138768, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138768.
[9] S. Gan, H. Sun, C. Li, L. Li, Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells: a Universal Component that Goes Beyond Albedo Utilization, Science Bulletin, Vol. 68, 2023, pp. 2247-2267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.043.
[10] M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, K. Bothe, G. Siefer, D. Hinken, M. Rauer, J. Hohl‐Ebinger, X. Hao, Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Version 64), Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 32, 2024, pp. 425-441, https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3831.
[11] D. Q. Duy, A. Fujii, R. Tsuji, Y. Takeoka, M. Ozaki, Efficiency Enhancement in Perovskite Solar Cell Utilizing Solution-Processable Phthalocyanine Hole Transport Layer with Thermal Annealing, Org. Electron., Vol. 43, 2017, pp. 156-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.01.027.
[12] C. Zhang, K. Wei, J. Hu, X. Cai, G. Du, J. Deng, Z. Luo, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Yang, J. Zhang, A Review on Organic Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Structure, Composition and Reliability, Materials Today, Vol. 67, 2023, pp. 518-547, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.06.009.
[13] D. Q. Duy, K. Watanabe, H. Itani, L. Sosa-Vargas, A. Fujii, Y. Shimizu, M. Ozaki, Octahexyltetrabenzotriazaporphyrin: A Discotic Liquid Crystalline Donor for High-performance Small-molecule Solar Cells, Chem. Lett. Vol. 43, 2014, pp 1761-1763, https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.140685.
[14] D. Q. Duy, A. Fujii, R. Tsuji, M. Ozaki, Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell Utilizing a Solution-processable Tetrabenzoporphyrin Hole Transport Material with p-type Dopants, Applied Physics Express, Vol. 12, 2019,
pp. 112009, https://doi.org/10.7567/1882-0786/ab4aa2.
[15] D. Q. Duy, L. S. Vargas, T. Higashi, M. Ohmori, H. Itani, A. Fujii, Y. Shimizu, M. Ozaki, Efficiency Enhancement in Solution Processed Small-molecule Based Organic Solar Cells Utilizing Various Phthalocyanine–tetrabenzoporphyrin Hybrid Macrocycles, Org. Electron., Vol. 23, 2015, pp. 44-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.04.009.
[16] D. Q. Duy, Fabrication of Highly Efficient Pervoskite Solar Cells Using Simple Single-step Solution Method, VNU Journal of Science: Mathematics – Physics, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2021, pp. 69-76, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1124/vnumap.4557.
[17] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, Y. C. Kim, W. S. Yang, S. Ryu, S. I. Seok, Solvent Engineering for High-performance Inorganic-organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells, Nat. Mater., Vol. 13, 2014, pp. 897-903, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4014.
[18] M. Wang, K. Ishii, Photochemical Properties of Phthalocyanines with Transition Metal Ions, Coord Chem Rev., Vol. 468, 2022, pp. 214626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214626.
[19] J. Mack, M. J. Stillman, N. Kobayashi, Application of MCD Spectroscopy to Porphyrinoids, Coord Chem Rev., Vol. 251, 2007, pp. 429-453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.05.011.
[20] J. Tauc, A. Menth, States in the Gap, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, Vol. 8-10, 1972, pp. 569-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(72)90194-9.
[21] J. Mack, M. J. Stillman, Assignment of the Optical Spectra of Metal Phthalocyanines Through Spectral Band Deconvolution Analysis and ZINDO Calculations, Coord Chem Rev., Vol. 219-221, 2001, pp. 993-1032, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00394-0.
[22] W. Xu, Y. Guo, X. Zhang, L. Zheng, T. Zhu, D. Zhao, W. Hu, X. Gong, Room‐Temperature‐Operated Ultrasensitive Broadband Photodetectors by Perovskite Incorporated with Conjugated Polymer and Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Adv. Funct. Mater., Vol. 28, 2018, pp. 1705541. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705541.
[23] Q. Wali, M. Aamir, A. Ullah, F. J. Iftikhar, M. E. Khan, J. Akhtar, S. Yang, Fundamentals of Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells: From Structure‐Property Relationship to Neoteric Breakthroughs, Chem. Rec., Vol. 22, 2022, pp. e202100150, https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202100150.