Outstanding Bolometric Performance of Y3Fe4.96Mo0.04O12 Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method
Main Article Content
Abstract
The yttrium iron garnet (YIG) material doped with molybdenum (Mo⁵⁺) with the composition Y3Fe4.96Mo0.04O12 (x = 0.04) was synthesized using a sol-gel method combined with thermal treatment. The resulting powder had a single-phase structure, high crystallinity, and a uniform microstructure. Morphological, structural, and electrical characteristics of the material were investigated using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and I–V measurements. A bolometer device was fabricated by depositing the YIG sensing layer onto an interdigitated Pt electrode array. Photo-current, responsivity (Ri), noise equivalent power (NEP), and specific detectivity (D*) measurements were performed in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV–VIS–NIR, 281–1010 nm) range. The x = 0.04 sample yielded an activation energy of 0.32 eV, a TCR of 3.9 %K⁻¹, a photo-current of ~106 µA, and a responsivity of 848 mA/W. The NEP and D* values were suitable for a sensor operating at room temperature without the need for cooling. The results were compared with other doped YIG samples such as Y3Fe4.9Ni0.08O12 and Y3Fe4.9Mo0.1O12, which showed that the x = 0.04 sample achieved an optimal balance between thermal sensitivity and electrical insulation, promising for bolometer applications in a wide spectral range.
Keywords:
Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG), Mo⁵⁺ doping, Bolometric response, Near-infrared detection, Photothermal sensitivity.
References
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pp. 12137-12145, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c20099.
[11] V. P. Krishnakumar, A. D. Mahapatra, V. Panwar, A. Mondal, C. Kumar, P. Kuma, A. Misra, Semiconductor Nanoparticle Anchored Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for a Bolometer, Langmuir, Vol. 40, No. 21, 2024,
pp. 11023-11029, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00393.
[12] Y. Wei, C. Chen, C. Tan, L. He, Z. Ren, C. Zhang, S. Peng, J. Han, H. Zhou, J. Wang, High‐Performance Visible to Near‐Infrared Broadband Bi₂O₂Se Nanoribbon Photodetectors, Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 10, No. 23, 2022, pp. 2201396, https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202201396.
[13] P. V. Yadav, I. Yadav, B. Ajitha, A. Rajasekar, S. Gupta, Y. A. K. Reddy, Dispatched Advancements of Uncooled Infrared Microbolometer Materials: A Review, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 342, 2022, pp. 113611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113611.
[14] A. Ainabayev, D. Mullarkey, B. Walls, D. Caffrey, K. Zhussupbekov, A. Zhussupbekova, C. Ilhan, A. Kaisha, P. Biswas, A. Tikhonov, O. Murtagh, I. Shvets, Epitaxial Grown VO₂ with Suppressed Hysteresis and Low Room Temperature Resistivity for High-Performance Thermal Sensor Applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2023, pp. 2917-2927, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c05297.
[15] R. Zhou, J. T. W. Yeow, Innovations in Bolometer Technology for Enhanced Terahertz Detection, IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine, Vo. 18, No. 5, 2024, pp. 4-13, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNANO.2024.3436328.
[16] A. D'Amico, A. Grilli, A. Paoletti, P. Paroli, A. Tucciarone, Doped Yttrium Iron Garnet for Thermistor-Bolometers, Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1984, pp. 347-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(84)90177-6.
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[20] A. D'Amico, P. de Gasperis, F. Giannini, V. Parisi, Novel Calcium-Doped Yttrium-Iron-Garnet Thermistor Bolometer In A Planar and Continuous Bridge Configuration, Electronics Letters, Vol. 20, No. 21, 1984,
pp. 874-875, https://doi.org/10.1049/EL:19840593.
[21] S. Khanra, A. Bhaumik, Y. D. Kolekar, P. Kahol, K. Ghosh, Structural and Magnetic Studies of Y₃Fe₅₋₅ₓMo₅ₓO₁₂, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 369, 2014, pp. 14-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.06.018.
[22] B. Isherwood, An X-ray Multiple Diffraction Study of Yttrium Iron Garnet Crystals, Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 1, 1968, pp. 299-307, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005546.
[23] M. Hossain, M.N. Rhaman, M.M. Ali, N. Jahan, A. Momin, M. Rahman, M. Hakim, Novel Gadolinium (Gd) and Chromium (Cr) Co-Doped Yttrium Iron Garnet (Y₃Fe₅O₁₂) Nanoparticles, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 49, 2024, pp. 9967-9982, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08613-y.
[24] M. H. El Makdah, M. H. El-Dakdouki, R. Mhanna, F. Al Boukhari, R. Awad, Effects of Neodymium Substitution on the Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Yttrium Iron Garnet Nanoparticles, Applied Physics A,
Vol. 127, No. 304, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04466-0.
[25] A. Bhalekar, L. Singh, Structural and Magnetic Studies of Aluminum-Substituted YIG Nanoparticles Prepared by a Sol-Gel Route, Brazilian Journal of Physics, Vol. 49, 2019, pp. 636-645,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-019-00690-5.
[26] A. Hofmeister, K. Campbell, Infrared Spectroscopy of Yttrium Aluminum, Yttrium Gallium, and Yttrium Iron Garnets, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 72, 1992, pp. 638-646, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351846.
[27] S. Bubel, N. Mechau, H. Hahn, R. Schmechel, Trap States and Space Charge Limited Current in Dispersion Processed Zinc Oxide Thin Films, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 108, 2010, pp. 124502,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3524184.
[28] C. Kee, Y. Ang, L. Ang, Trap-Limited Space-Charge Limited Current in 2D Thin Film Dielectric, IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS), 2022, pp. 1-2,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOPS45751.2022.9813170.
[29] R. Boer, A. Morpurgo, Influence of Surface Traps on Space-Charge Limited Current, Physical Review B, Vol. 72, 2005, pp. 073207, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.073207.
[30] R. E. Jr. Fontana, D. J. Epstein, AC Hopping Conductivity in Silicon-Doped Yttrium-Iron Garnet, Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 6, 1971, pp. 959-966, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(71)90074-2.
[31] S. H. Wemple, S. L. Blank, J. A. Seman,mW. A. Biolsi, Optical Properties of Epitaxial Iron Garnet Thin Films, Physical Review B, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1974, pp. 2134-2144, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.9.2134.
[32] A. Saroha, K. L. Ganapathi, M. Sadhasivam, K. G. Pradeep, M. S. R. Rao, White-Light Emission from Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG), APL Materials, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2023, pp. 041116, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0135423.
[33] S. Balendhran, M. Taha, S. Wang, W. Yan, N. Higashitarumizu, D. Wen, N. S. Azar, J. Bullock, Crozier, P. Mulvaney, A. Javey, K. B. Crozier, Flexible Vanadium Dioxide Photodetectors for Visible to Longwave Infrared Detection at Room Temperature, Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 33, No. 43, 2023, pp. 2301790, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202301790.
[34] N. P. Duong, D. T. T. Nguyet, N. M. Vuong, T. T. Loan, N. T. Nguyen, Sol–Gel Synthesis and Multifunctional Characterization of Mo-Substituted YIG for High-Sensitivity Photodetection, Journal of Alloys and Compounds,
Vol. 1043, 2025, pp. 184235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184235.
[35] N. P. Duong, D. T. T. Nguyet, D. T. Hieu, L. N. Anh, Ni-Doped Yttrium Iron Garnet: A High-Performance Thermistor-Bolometer for UV to Near-Infrared Detection, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 391, 2025,
pp. 116629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2025.116629.