HRBE Diagrams and Thermoluminescence of B2O3-TeO2-Li2O-CaO Glass Doped with Lanthanide Ions
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, the 40B2O3+30TeO2+15Li2O+15CaO (BTLC) glasses undoped and doped with Ln3+ (Eu3+, Ce3+, and Tb3+) ions were fabricated via the melt quenching method. Using Dorenbos’s models, the diagrams of the ground energy levels for the 4f state of the divalent and trivalent lanthanide ions within the forbidden band of the glass have been constructed based on the photoluminescence excitation spectra of Eu3+ and Ce3+ ions. Predictions for selecting the Ln3+ impurities for the thermoluminescent (TL) material have been proposed through analysis of these diagrams, whereas the Ce3+ and Ln3+ ions were predicted to act as recombination centers. The validity of the predictions is confirmed based on the measurements of the TL glow curve and TL spectra for BTLC:Ce3+ and BTLC:Tb3+ samples.
Keywords:
Dorenbos’s model, Thermoluminescence material, Lanthanide ions
References
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[3] P. V. Do, T. Ngoc, N. T. Hien, L. D. Thanh, N. M. Hung, T. T. C. Thuy, P. T. Du, N. T. Huong, HRBE Diagrams for Lanthanides and the Temperature Dependence of Tb3+ Luminescence in Zinc-Sodium-Lanthanum-Borate Glass, Physica B. Vol. 641, 2022, Article number. 414089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2022.414089.
[4] T. Ngoc, N. X. Ca, N. V. Ha, L. D. Thanh, D. N. Binh, T. T. C. Thuy, N. V. Nghia, V. X. Phuc, P. V. Do, Studying the Structure, Photoluminescence and Thermoluminescence Properties of LiCaBO3 Pseudoternary Glass-Ceramic Co-doped with Ce3+, Sm3+ ions, Opt Mater. Vol. 157, 2024, Article number. 116100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116100.
[5] T. Ngoc, N. X. Ca, N. V. Ha, T. T. C. Thuy, N. T. Huong, L. D. Thanh, N. V. Nghia, P. V. Do, Thermoluminescence Properties of the Li2B4O7:Dy3+,Ce3+ Glasses and Their Application Potential in the Dosimetry Field, Opt Mater. Vol. 158, 2025, Article number. 116443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116443.
[6] M. Sonsuz, M. Topaksu, J. Hakami, N. Can, Synthesis and Thermoluminescence Study of Eu-doped Novel LaBO3 Phosphor: Heating Rate, Dose Response, Trapping Parameters, Radiat. Phys. Chem, Vol. 201, 2022, Article number. 110412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110412.
[7] M. Oglakci, M. Topaksu, Y. Alajlani, N. Can, E.E. Karali, Thermal Quenching and Evaluation of Trapping Parameters of Thermoluminescence Glow-Peaks of Beta Irradiated NaBaBO3:Tb3+ for TLD Applications, J. Lumin. Vol. 244, 2022, Article number. 118731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.118731.
[8] T. Ngoc, N. X. Ca, N. V. Ha, T. T. C. Thuy, L. D. Thanh, N. D. A. Tuan, P. V. Do, Structure, Optical, and Thermoluminescence Properties of LiCaF2BTeO4 Glass-Ceramic Co-doped with Ce3+ and Tb3+ ions, Ceram. Int. Vol. 51, No. 25, 2025, pp. 44126-44136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.07.144.
[9] P. Dorenbos, Locating Lanthanide Impurity Levels in the Forbidden Band of Host Crystals, J. Lumin. Vol. 108, No. 1-4, 2004, pp. 301-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.01.064.
[10] P. Dorenbos, Systematic Behaviour in Trivalent Lanthanide Charge Transfer Energies, J. Phys. Condens. Matter Vol. 15, No. 48, 2003, pp 8417–8434, doi:10.1088/0953-8984/15/49/018.
[11] P. Dorenbos, Modeling the Chemical Shift of Lanthanide 4f Electron Binding Energies, Phys. Rev. B. Vol. 85, 2012, Article number. 165107, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.165107.
[12] P. Dorenbos, Ce3+:5d-Centroid Shift and Vacuum-Referred 4f-Electron Binding Energies of all Lanthanide Impurities in 150 Different Compounds, J. Lumin. Vol. 135, 2013, pp 93-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.09.034.
[13] W.T. Carnall, P.R. Flields, K. Rajnak, Electronic Energy Levels of Trivalent Lanthanide Aquo Ions. IV. Eu3+, J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 49, No. 10, 1968, pp. 4450-4455, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1669896.
[14] P. Dorenbos, A. J J. Bos, Lanthanide Level Location and Related Thermoluminescence Phenomena, Radiat. Meas., Vol. 43, No. 2-6, 2008, pp. 139-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.10.007.
[15] A. H. Krumpel, E. V. D. Kolk, D. Zeelenberg, A. J. J. Bos, K. W.Kramer, P. Dorenbos, Lanthanide 4f-Level Location in Lanthanide Doped and Cerium-Lanthanide Co-doped NaLaF4 by Photo-and Thermoluminescence, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 104, 2008, Article number. 073505, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2955776.
[16] V. X. Quang, N. M. Khaidukov, V. N. Makhov, N. T. Thanh, N. X. Ca, L. D. Thanh, H. V. Tuyen, T. Ngoc, P. V. Do, Studying the Photo-, Thermo-luminescence Properties and Energy Transfer Processes in K2Y1-xEuxF5 Single Crystals, J. Lumin. Vol. 286, 2025, Article number. 121405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2025.121405.