Delay Discounting and Health Risk Behaviors: A Review and Suggestions for School Based Intervention in Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Delay discounting is the cognitive process that allows the individual to compare values between an immediate smaller reward and a larger but delayed reward (for instance, an individual is asked to choose between 10,000 dong now and 20,000 dong in a week). Assuming an important role in the field of self-control and decision making related to health reecently, delay discounting can be used to explain why people engage in various health risk behaviors, including unhealthy diet, inactivity, smoking, drinking. These behaviors account for serious consequences as mortality, mental disorders, cardiac diseases, cancer… This article firstly presents the concept of delay discounting and the discount functions. Secondly, it summarizes the evidences for the relationship between delay discounting and health risk behaviors and describes how the discount functions explain these behaviors’ patterns. Finally, it introduces some strategies to reduce delay discounting in order to improve health behaviors and makes suggestions for school-based intervention programs targeting health risk behaviors in Vietnam.
Keywords:
Delay discounting, health risk behaviors, self-control, decision making.
References
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[37] S.H. Kollins, Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students, Addictive behaviors 28 (6) (2003) 1167-1173.
[38] M. Field, et al., Delay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents, Addiction 102 (4) (2007) 579-586.
[39] J. Audrain-McGovern, et al., Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? Drug and alcohol dependence 103 (3) (2009) 99-106.
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[41] C. Sheffer, et al., Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers, The American Journal on Addictions 21 (3) (2012) 221-232.
[42] C. Stanger, C., Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology 20 (3) (2012) 205-212.
[43] E.T. Mueller, et al., Delay of smoking gratification as a laboratory model of relapse: effects of incentives for not smoking, and relationship to measures of executive function, Behavioural pharmacology 20 (5-6) (2009)
461-473.
[44] R.N. Axon, W.D. Bradford, B.M. Egan, The role of individual time preferences in health behaviors among hypertensive adults: a pilot study, Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 3 (1) (2009) 35-41.
[45] R. Yi, et al., The effects of reduced cigarette smoking on discounting future rewards: An initial evaluation, The Psychological Record 58 (2) (2008) 163-174.
[46] M. Kulendran, et al., Neuropsychological assessment as a predictor of weight loss in obese adolescents, International journal of obesity 38 (4) (2014) 507-512.
[47] D. Read, B. Van Leeuwen, Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice, Organizational behavior and human decision processes 76 (2) (1998) 189-205.
[48] J.L. Allan, M. Johnston, N. Campbell, Unintentional eating, What determines goal-incongruent chocolate consumption? Appetite 54 (2) (2010) 422-425.
[49] L. Steinberg, A dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking, Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 52 (3) (2010)
216-224.
[50] L. Steinberg, et al., Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting, Child development 80 (1) (2009) 28-44.
[51] J.M. Rung, G.J. Madden, Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of experimental psychology: general 147 (9) (2018) 1349-1381.
[2] L. Green, J. Myerson, A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards, Psychological bulletin 130 (5) (2004) 769-792.
[3] S.J. Estle et al., Differential effects of amount on temporal and probability discounting of gains and losses, Memory & Cognition 34 (4) (2006)
914-928.
[4] G. Story, et al., Does temporal discounting explain unhealthy behavior? A systematic review and reinforcement learning perspective, Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 8, 2014.
[5] A.H. Mokdad, et al., Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, The Lancet 387 (10036) (2016) 2383-2401.
[6] A.D. Matta, F.L. Gonçalves, L. Bizarro, Delay discounting: concepts and measures, Psychology & Neuroscience 5 (2) (2012) 135-146.
[7] G. Ainslie, Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological bulletin 82 (4) (1975) 463-496.
[8] B. Reynolds, et al., Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Personality and behavioral measures, Personality and individual differences 40 (2) (2016) 305-315.
[9] W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, M.I. Rodriguez, Delay of gratification in children, Science 244 (4907) (1989) 933-938.
[10] H. Rachlin, The science of self-control, Harvard University Press, 2000.
[11] W.K. Bickel, L.A. Marsch, Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes, Addiction 96 (1) (2001) 73-86.
[12] J.E. Mazur, D.R. Biondi, Delay‐amount tradeoffs in choices by pigeons and rats: Hyperbolic versus exponential discounting, Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 91 (2) (2009) 197-211.
[13] A.D. Tesch, A.G. Sanfey, Models and methods in delay discounting, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1128 (1) (2008) 90-94.
[14] M. Wittmann, et al., Now or later? Striatum and insula activation to immediate versus delayed rewards, Journal of neuroscience, psychology, and economics 3 (1) (2010) 15-26.
[15] L. Green, J. Myerson, Experimental and correlational analyses of delay and probability discounting, 2010.
[16] M. van der Pol, J. Cairns, A comparison of the discounted utility model and hyperbolic discounting models in the case of social and private intertemporal preferences for health, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 49 (1) (2002) 79-96.
[17] A.M. Angott, What Causes Delay Discounting? 2010.
[18] A. Rubinstein, “Economics and psychology”? The case of hyperbolic discounting, International Economic Review 44 (4) (2003) 1207-1216.
[19] S.M. McClure, et al., Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards, Science 306 (5695) (2004) 503-507.
[20] S.M. McClure, et al., Time discounting for primary rewards, Journal of neuroscience 27 (21) (2007) 5796-5804.
[21] A.L. Odum, C.P. Rainaud, Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food, Behavioural processes 64 (3) (2003) 305-313.
[22] M.I. Kang, S. Ikeda, Time discounting and smoking behavior: evidence from a panel survey, in Behavioral Economics of Preferences, Choices, and Happiness, Springer, 2016, p. 197-226.
[23] W.K. Bickel, A.L. Odum, G.J. Madden, Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers, Psychopharmacology 146 (4) (1999) 447-454.
[24] B. Reynolds, et al., Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults, Behavioural processes 65 (1) (2004) 35-42.
[25] B. Reynolds, et al., Delay and probability discounting as related to different stages of adolescent smoking and non-smoking, Behavioural Processes 64 (3) (2003) 333-344.
[26] B. Reynolds, S. Fields, Delay discounting by adolescents experimenting with cigarette smoking, Addiction 107 (2) (2012) 417-424.
[27] R. Yi, S.H. Mitchell, W.K. Bickel, Delay discounting and substance abuse-dependence, 2010.
[28] R.E. Vuchinich, C.A. Simpson, Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology 6 (3) (1998) 292-305.
[29] J. MacKillop, et al., Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis, Psychopharmacology 216 (3) (2011) 305-321.
[30] L.H. Epstein, et al., Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity, Physiology & behavior 100 (5) (2010) 438-445.
[31] R.E. Weller, et al., Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women, Appetite 51 (3) (2008) 563-569.
[32] M. Amlung, et al., Steep discounting of delayed monetary and food rewards in obesity: a meta-analysis, Psychological Medicine 46 (11) (2016) 2423-2434.
[33] B.M. Appelhans, et al., Delay discounting and intake of ready-to-eat and away-from-home foods in overweight and obese women, Appetite 59 (2) (2012) 576-584.
[34] T. Steward, et al., Delay discounting of reward and impulsivity in eating disorders: from anorexia nervosa to binge eating disorder, European Eating Disorders Review 25 (6) (2017) 601-606.
[35] M. Kekic, et al., Increased temporal discounting in bulimia nervosa, International Journal of Eating Disorders 49 (12) (2016) 1077-1081.
[36] Y.T. Ohmura, Takahashi, N. Kitamura, Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes, Psychopharmacology 182 (4) (2005) 508-515.
[37] S.H. Kollins, Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students, Addictive behaviors 28 (6) (2003) 1167-1173.
[38] M. Field, et al., Delay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents, Addiction 102 (4) (2007) 579-586.
[39] J. Audrain-McGovern, et al., Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? Drug and alcohol dependence 103 (3) (2009) 99-106.
[40] N.M. Petry, Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls, Psychopharmacology 154 (3) (2001) 243-250.
[41] C. Sheffer, et al., Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers, The American Journal on Addictions 21 (3) (2012) 221-232.
[42] C. Stanger, C., Delay discounting predicts adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology 20 (3) (2012) 205-212.
[43] E.T. Mueller, et al., Delay of smoking gratification as a laboratory model of relapse: effects of incentives for not smoking, and relationship to measures of executive function, Behavioural pharmacology 20 (5-6) (2009)
461-473.
[44] R.N. Axon, W.D. Bradford, B.M. Egan, The role of individual time preferences in health behaviors among hypertensive adults: a pilot study, Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 3 (1) (2009) 35-41.
[45] R. Yi, et al., The effects of reduced cigarette smoking on discounting future rewards: An initial evaluation, The Psychological Record 58 (2) (2008) 163-174.
[46] M. Kulendran, et al., Neuropsychological assessment as a predictor of weight loss in obese adolescents, International journal of obesity 38 (4) (2014) 507-512.
[47] D. Read, B. Van Leeuwen, Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice, Organizational behavior and human decision processes 76 (2) (1998) 189-205.
[48] J.L. Allan, M. Johnston, N. Campbell, Unintentional eating, What determines goal-incongruent chocolate consumption? Appetite 54 (2) (2010) 422-425.
[49] L. Steinberg, A dual systems model of adolescent risk‐taking, Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 52 (3) (2010)
216-224.
[50] L. Steinberg, et al., Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting, Child development 80 (1) (2009) 28-44.
[51] J.M. Rung, G.J. Madden, Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of experimental psychology: general 147 (9) (2018) 1349-1381.